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Defining Psychopathology

Defining Psychopathology. Psychopathology: The study of abnormal thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Early Explanations of Mental Illness.

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Defining Psychopathology

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  1. Defining Psychopathology • Psychopathology: The study of abnormal thoughts, feelings and behaviors

  2. Early Explanations of Mental Illness • 14.1 How has mental illness been explained in the past, how is abnormal behavior defined today, and what is the impact of cultural differences in defining abnormality? • Ancient times: • Evil spirits released via trepanning • Hippocrates: • Mental illness from imbalance of body’s four humors • Middle Ages: • Spirit possession and exorcism • Renaissance: • Mentally ill labeled witches

  3. What Is Abnormal Behavior? 1 Statistically rare 2 Deviant from social norms Causes subjective discomfort 3 Does not allow day-to-day functioning 4 Causes a person to be dangerous to self or others 5

  4. The Sociocultural Perspective • Sociocultural perspective: Abnormal/normal behavior is product of behavioral shaping within context of: • Family influences • Social group to which one belongs • Culture within which family and social group exist • Cultural relativity: Need to consider norms and customs of another culture when diagnosing person from that culture with a disorder • Culture-bound syndromes

  5. Models of Abnormality ** Psychological disorders - any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life.

  6. Models of Abnormality • Behavior is caused by biological changes • in the chemical, structural, or genetic • systems of the body. • Abnormal behavior stems from repressed conflicts and urges that are fighting to become conscious. Biological model Psychodynamic model EXPLANATION OF DISORDER Abnormal behavior is the result of the combined and interacting forces of biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences. Biopsychosocial model Behaviorism • Abnormal behavior is learned. • Abnormal behavior comes from irrational beliefs and illogical patterns of thought. Cognitive perspective

  7. DSM-IV-TR (DSM 5 released 5/2012) • DSM-IV-TR: • Manual of psychological disorders and their symptoms • Divides disorders and relevant facts about person being diagnosed along five different axes

  8. Five Axes of the DSM-IV-TR Clinical disorders II III I IV V Global assessment of functioning Personality disorders; mental retardation Psychosocial, environmental problems General medical conditions

  9. How Common Are Psychological Disorders? • 26.2 percent of American adults over age 18 have a mental disorder in any given year. • 57.7 million people in U.S.

  10. Disorders in the United States

  11. Labels: Help establish distinct diagnostic categories Help patients receive effective treatment Can be dangerous or overly prejudicial Rosenhan study at psychiatric hospitals: Psychological labels long lasting and powerful Affect how other people see mental patients and how patients see themselves The Pros and Cons of Labels

  12. Anxiety Disorders: What, Me Worry?

  13. Phobic Disorders • ** Phobia:Irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity • Social phobia: Fear of negative evaluation in social situations • Specific phobias: Fear of objects, situations, or events • Agoraphobia: Fear of place/situation from which escape is difficult or impossible

  14. Common Phobias

  15. Panic Disorder • Panic disorder: Frequent, disruptive panic attacks • Panic attack: Sudden, intense panic; multiple physical and emotional symptoms • Panic disorder with agoraphobia: Fear of panic attack in unfamiliar, public place • ** The average duration of a panic attack is approximately 10-15 minutes

  16. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • ** Obsessive-compulsive disorder: • Obsessive, recurring thoughts create anxiety. • Compulsive, ritualistic, repetitive behavior or mental acts reduce that anxiety.

  17. Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders • Acute stress disorder (ASD): From exposure to a major stressor, with numerous symptoms including moments when the event is “relived” in dreams and flashbacks for as long as 1 month after occurrence • Posttraumatic stress disorder: Symptoms of ASD last more than 1 month

  18. Generalized Anxiety Disorder • Generalized anxiety disorder: Feelings of dread/doom and physical stress lasting at least six months

  19. Causes of Anxiety Disorders Psychodynamic:Repressed urges and desires trying to come into consciousness, create anxiety that is controlled by the abnormal behavior Behavioral: Disordered behavior learned through operant and classical conditioning techniques Cognitive:Excessive anxiety from illogical, irrational thought processes Biological: Chemical imbalances in the nervous system, genetic transmission

  20. Mood Disorders: The Effect of Affect

  21. Mood Disorders • 14.5 What are the different types of mood disorders and their causes? • Affect: An emotional reaction • Mood disorders: Severe disturbances in emotion • Person with mood disorder experiences emotions that are extreme and, therefore, abnormal

  22. Major Depression • Major Depression: Severe depression, sudden, no apparent external cause • Most common of mood disorders • Twice as common in women as in men

  23. Prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder

  24. Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder: • Severe mood swings between major depressive episodes and manic episodes

  25. Causes of Mood Disorders Behavioral: Link depression to learned helplessness Cognitive: See depression as the result of distorted, illogical thinking Biological: Variation in neurotransmitter levels or specific brain activity; genes and heritability play a part

  26. Eating Disorders

  27. Eating Disorders • 14.6 What are the two primary types of eating disorders, how do they differ, and who are they most likely to affect? Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Condition in which a person develops a cycle of “binging” and uses unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain Condition in which eating is reduced to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent below expected body weight or more is the result

  28. Possible Signs of Eating Disorders

  29. Dissociative Disorders: Altered Identities

  30. Dissociative Disorders • 14.7 How do the various dissociative disorders differ, and how do they develop? • Dissociative disorders: Break in conscious awareness, memory, and/or sense of identity • Dissociative amnesia: Memory loss for personal information, either partial or complete • Dissociative fugue: Travel from familiar surroundings with amnesia for trip and possibly personal identity • Dissociative identity disorder: Person seems to have two or more distinct personalities

  31. Causes of Dissociative Disorders Psychodynamic: Point to repression of memories, seeing dissociation as a defense mechanism against anxiety Cognitive and behavioral: Trauma-related thought avoidance is negatively reinforced by reduction in anxiety and emotional pain Biological: Lower than normal activity levels in areas responsible for body awareness; depersonalization disorder

  32. Schizophrenia: Altered Reality

  33. Schizophrenic Disorders • Schizophrenia: Severely disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, inability to separate fantasy from reality

  34. Symptoms of Schizophrenia • Excesses of, or additions to, normal behavior • Delusions: Unshakeable, false beliefs • Delusional disorder: Primary symptom is delusion • Hallucinations: Seeing or hearing things that don’t exist • Less than, or an absence of, normal behavior • Poor attention • Flat affect: A lack of emotional responsiveness • Poor speech production • 14.8 What are the main symptoms, types, and causes of schizophrenia? • POSITIVE • NEGATIVE

  35. Categories of Schizophrenia Paranoid Disorganized Catatonic • Hallucinations • Confused speech • Inappropriate emotion • Social impairments • Delusions of persecution, grandeur, and jealousy, together with hallucinations • Periods of statue-like immobility mixed with bursts of wild, agitated movement and talking

  36. Causes of Schizophrenia • Positive symptoms appear to be associated with overactivity of dopamine areas of brain; negative with lower dopamine activity • Genetics, brain structural defects have been implicated • Genetics supported by twin and adoption studies • Biological roots supported by universal lifetime prevalence across cultures of approximately 7–8 people out of 1,000 • Stress-vulnerability model: Suggests people with genetic markers for schizophrenia will not develop the disorder unless they are exposed to environmental or emotional stress at critical times in development

  37. Genetics and Schizophrenia • Source: Gottesman (1001)

  38. Personality Disorders: I’m OK, It’s Everyone Else Who’s Weird

  39. Personality Disorders • 14.9 How do the various personality disorders differ, and what is thought to be the cause of personality disorders? Personality disorders: Persistent, rigid, maladaptive behavior interfering with normal social interaction

  40. Personality Disorders • Antisocial personality disorder: No morals or conscience, impulsive, lacks regard for consequences

  41. Personality Disorders • Borderline personality disorder: Moody, unstable, unclear sense of identity, clings to others

  42. Personality Disorders

  43. Causes of Personality Disorders Cognitive-behavioral:Specific behaviors learned over time, associated with maladaptive belief systems Genetic factors: Biological relatives of people with personality disorders more likely to develop similar disorders Stress tolerance: Look at the lower than normal stress hormones in antisocial personality disordered persons as responsible for their low responsiveness to threatening stimuli Family relationships: Linked to disturbances in family communications and relationships

  44. Future Directions in Psychopathology • 14.10 What are some of the future directions in psychopathology? • DSM constantly being revised to include the findings of current research • Some changes involve terminology used to describe disorders and their symptoms • Push for greater social relevance and attention to cultural differences

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