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Junior Cert Revision

Junior Cert Revision. States of Matter. 1. Fill the overflow can with water to a point above the spout. Wait until the water stops dripping from the spout. To Measure the volume of an irregular solid. 3 . Gently lower the stone into the overflow can.

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Junior Cert Revision

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  1. Junior Cert Revision

  2. States of Matter

  3. 1.Fill the overflow can with water to a point above the spout. Wait until the water stops dripping from the spout. To Measure the volume of an irregular solid 3. Gently lower the stone into the overflow can. 4.Note the volume of the displaced water in the measuring cylinder, this is the volume of the stone. 2.Now place a dry measuring cylinder underneath the spout.

  4. 3

  5. Mrs Gren and sensitivity nutrition respiration excretion growth reproduction movement

  6. Cells • Animal • Plant Nucleus Cell Membrane Vacuole Cell Wall Chloroplasts -contain Chlorophyll for photosynthesis

  7. nerve cell blood cells muscle cells bone cells Cells • Some living things are composed of just a single cell eg bacteria • Some living things are composed of a small number of simple and similar cells eg fungi • Some living things are composed of very many cells, with many different structures and functions eg humans

  8. phloem xylem Tissues • Cells that have the same structure and function form tissues… • Cells in tissues are usually joined together • Animal tissues include muscle, bone and nerves for movement • Plant tissues include xylem and phloem for transport

  9. Organs • Tissues can be organised into groups to form organs, each organ has a particular function • Plant organs include the ROOT for absorbing water, LEAF for photosynthesis • Animal organs include the HEART for pumping blood, LUNGS for gas exchange

  10. Systems • organs, tissues and cells can be organised into systems that carry out major functions in the organism eg: Reproductive system, Nervous system, Digestive System, Circulatory system…

  11. Digestion -Breaking food down into smaller pieces Saliva contains an ENZYME (Amylase) Teeth begin process of breaking down food Food Shorter sugars that start to be digested Long chains of sugar called Starch

  12. Groups • All elements in the same group have the same properties Group 8 Noble Gases Non-reactive Glow with electricity Group 2 Alkali Earth Metals Less reactive Group 7 Halogens Poisonous Gases Cleans Water Group 1 Alkali Metals Very reactive

  13. Properties of Metals Non-metals are mostly gases and liquids and most do not conduct electricity. Dull and brittle. Metals are mostly Solids and conduct electricity. Shiny and hard. Mix 2 together and form an ALLOY.

  14. The Respiratory System Trachea – has stiff rings of cartilage to prevent it collapsing Bronchi Bronchioles Rib muscles – to raise and lower the ribs Ribs – to protect the chest Lung Alveoli (“air sacs”) – gas exchange takes place here Diaphragm – muscular sheet

  15. Gas Exchange Small sacs in the lungs are surrounded by capillaries . It is in these ALVEOLI that oxygen enters our blood and the co2 leaves Alveoli are very good at exchanging gases because… • They have a LARGE surface area • They very thin walls

  16. A while ago we learnt about ___ ______. Each of these life processes needs ENERGY. ___________ is the process our bodies use to produce this energy: Glucose + Oxygen Water + Carbon Dioxide + ENERGY The glucose we need comes from ______ and the oxygen from _________. Water and carbon dioxide are breathed out. The MAIN product of this equation is _________. Respiration Words – breathing, energy, Mrs Gren, respiration, food

  17. Summary

  18. Plastics Monomers small molecules that can be joined together. Polymer is a large molecule made of a chain of smaller molecules

  19. Physical Change • Nothing new made • Easy to reverse • Example Melting Ice

  20. Chemical Change • In this type of change a new substance is produced • It is hard to reverse • Example Burning of wood

  21. All Blood Vessels (Tubes)

  22. Blood Summary

  23. Can you remember? What are those three functions of a skeleton? Support Protection Movement Hold us upright Ribs protect the lungs heart etc Anchor for the muscles

  24. Connective Tissue Ligament bone connected to bone Cartilage protects end of bone Tendon Muscle to bone

  25. Sulphur dioxide from volcanoes Carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide from power stations Oxides of nitrogen O H O S O O H S O H Sulphur dioxide + water sulphurous acid O H Acid Rain Acid rain damages trees and buildings and can harm wildlife. What causes it?

  26. Acids Properties of an Acid • Tastes sour • Turns blue litmus paper red • Has a pH of less than 7 • Lemon juice and vinegar are good examples. ACID

  27. Bases Properties of a Base • Turns litmus paper blue • Has a pH greater than 7 • taste bitter and have a slippery feel • Bases that are soluble (dissolve in water) are called alkalis Most hand soaps and drain cleaners are bases

  28. p H A measure of how acidic something is

  29. T h e p H S c a l e • A N e u t r a l s o l u t i o n h a s a p H o f 7 . • A n A c i d i c s o l u t i o n h a s a p H b e l o w 7 . • A B a s i c s o l u t i o n h a s a p H a b o v e 7 .

  30. Indicators These are chemicals that change colour in the presence of an acid or a base. We get them from Plants.

  31. eyelash muscle optic nerve eyeball skull bone eyelid

  32. 5. Sensory nerve takes message to brain 1. sound waves directed into the ear… 4. Vibrations are passed to sensory nerves 2. sound waves directed to the ear drum 3. sound energy vibrates ear drum how the ear gathers information

  33. Weight vs. Mass 900kg • Mass is the amount of matter in us • Same on Earth and Space 900kg 9000N ZeroN • Weight is the pull of gravity on us • Different on Earth and Space

  34. Hookes Law Force 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Extension More force means more Extension Force is proportional to extension

  35. Center of Gravity of a LaminaWe must freely suspend the lamina from three placesThen we trace the plumb line onto the paper. Center of Gravity Where all the mass of the body appears to act

  36. Group VII or 0 • All in the same group have the same properties • Group 8/Noble Gases • Non-reactive/Glow with electricity Non-reactive as they have a full outer shell

  37. All Acid rain is either caused by impurities or not burning fuel well.

  38. Water Treatment Screening - Clean water passes through the screen and large objects do not pass Sedimentation - Aluminium Sulphate is added. It is mixed slowly and then allowed to settle. Filtration – passes through sand Add chlorine to kill bacteria. Add flourine to prevent tooth decay.

  39. Add Soap solution Add Soap solution Hard and soft water • Add soap and mix Soft Water Lots of Bubbles Hard Water Few Bubbles Oily scum

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