Family & women in the Age of Augustus

1. Family & women in the Age of Augustus

2. What insights did you gain from the primary sources on … the lexJulia de maritandisordinibus(18 BCE), the subsequent lexPapiaPoppaea (9 CE), and the lexJulia de adulteriis(18 BCE)? temeratoresalienarumnuptiarum . . . stupriflagitiumpunitur cum quis sine vi velvirginemvelviduamhonesteviventemstupraverit (“violators of others’ marriages: the shameful act of stuprum will be punished if someone has intercourse without violence either with a virgin or with a widow who is living honorably”) What were the incentives and disincentives? Livia Drusilla (his third and last wife) Octavia (his sister, here with Antony) Julia Augusta (his daughter, here with Gaius and Lucius)

3. Childhood: adolescence and death AraPacis(13-9 BCE), Julio-Claudian girl; bulla Sarcophagus: mourning the death of a child, 2nd c. CE

4. Education: girl reading from a scroll, fresco from the Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, 1st c. CE

5. Marriage: dextrarumiunctio (“joining of right hands”) Matronly virtue: lanamfacere(“to make wool”) What did you learn about dowries, property, inheritance and divorce? 2nd c. CE sarcophagus 1st c. CE fresco

6. Family: AraPacis, 13-9 BCEAgrippa Livia(?) Tiberius

7. Family: matrona with young daughter, 1st c. CE

8. Family and the state: Augustus (obv.), Tarpeia about to be crushed by Sabine shields (rev.), 19 BCE

9. Family and the state: Octavia and Mark Antony, 39 BCE “That year [11 BCE] he gave Julia in marriage to Tiberius, and when his sister died, he caused her body to lie in state in the shrine of Julius; and on this occasion also he had a curtain over the corpse. He himself delivered the funeral oration there, and Drusus [Tiberius’ younger brother] delivered one from the rostra; for the mourning was publicly observed and the senators had changed their dress. Her body was carried in the procession by her sons-in‑law [including Iullus Antonius, M. Antony’s son]” (Dio 54.35.4-5)

10. Julia Caesarisfilia (or Julia Augustifilia)39 BCE – 14 CE Julia with Lucius and Gaius, 13 BCE (ages 4 and 7)Laurel crown over her head acknowledges her role in the succession “When he at length discovered that his daughter Julia was so dissolute in her conduct as actually to take part in revels and drinking bouts at night in the Forum and on the very rostra, he became exceedingly angry. He had surmised even before this time that she was not leading a straight life, but refused to believe it …. He gave way to a rage so violent that he could not keep the matter to himself, but went so far as to communicate it to the senate. As a result Julia was banished to the island of Pandateria, lying off Campania, and her mother Scribonia voluntarily accompanied her” (Dio 55.10).

11. Social class: upper classes pudicitia pose, 1st BCE Augustan matrona, 1st CE Roman woman with jewellry, Egypt, 1st CE

12. Social class: lower classes Marriage of freedpeople:Aurelius Hermia and Philematium, 80 BCE 2nd c. CE sarcophagus CaltiliaMoschis, from her tomb, Ostia, 100-125 CE

13. Social class: clothing Augustus with corona civica:“an oak crown was fixed above my door”(RG 34.2) Livia, basalt, with conservative hairstyle, 1st BC Prima Porta, ca. 20 BCE Man in tunic ,2nd c. CE mosaic toga praetexta, AraPacis stolawith palla, 1st BC/1st CE

14. Social class: seating at public arenase.g., the Colosseum, post-79 CE – after Augustus

15. Women at work Vendors of game Meretrix (prostitute) Nurse Doctor

16. Flirtation Woman flirts with man on a lectus Woman playing a cithara with poet(?) 2nd c. CE 1st c. CE

17. Religion Laresfamiliares with genius of emperor, Pompeii, 1st c. CE Bronze penates with cornucopia (abundance) and patera (dish for libations), 1st-3rd CE Temple of Vesta, Roman forum, adjoining the House of the Vestal Virgins

18. Religion Vestal Virgins banqueting with Pontifex Maximus(?), perhaps from the AraPacis Note also the wives of priests:flaminicaDialis (w. of priest of Jupiter)reginasacrorum (w. of rexsacrorum) Elderly priestess performing a sacrifice, 2nd c. CE

19. Livia Drusilla (later Iulia Augusta), 58 BCE – 29 CE Basalt bust, ca. 25 BCE Livia(?), garlanded, wearing palla, AraPacis, 13-9 BCE Glass gem of Livia and Augustus, 5-14 CE

20. Augustus (center) sacrificing with Livia (r.) and Gaius/Lucius Caesar (l.), late 1st c. BCE altar

21. Portico of Livia (PorticusLiviae) with shrine to Concordia, dedicated 7 BCE by Livia and Tiberius

22. Livia (now Iulia Augusta), as Ceres (wheat, floral garland, cornucopia) and priestess of the cult of divus Augustus with bust of Augustus, post-14 CE

23. Livia as Diva Augusta, dupondius, 42 CE Julia Augusta, who had served the commonwealth superlatively not only in giving birth to our Princeps [i.e., Tiberius] but also through her many great favours towards men of every rank, and who rightly and deservedly could have supreme influence in what she asked from the senate, but who used that influence sparingly (Treggiari in Gruen, p. 146) I, Claudius, episode 6: “Queen of Heaven” (4:12)

24. “Quid leges sine moribus / vanaeproficiunt?” (Horace Carmina 3.24.35-36) “What good are empty laws without morals? Religion and law • What do the legesIuliae actually state and what was the hoped-for result?

25. ReligioAugustanaQuestions to consider • What did religion mean to the Romans? • What did religion mean to Augustus? • How did Augustus utilize religion to promote his program? • How do conservatism, renovation,innovation and transformation play a role in Augustus’ religious program?

26. The implementation of the Augustan religious program • Declaration of war vs. Cleopatra acc. to rituals of the fetiales (32 BCE) • Augustus’ role as one of the FratresArvales or “Arval Brothers” (29) • New temples: • Deified Caesar (42-40) • Apollo on the Palatine (28) • Venus Genetrix in Caesar’s Forum (46) • Mars Ultor in the Augustan Forum (2) • Concordia (7-10 CE, by Tiberius) • Emphasis on anniversaries • Assumption of pontifexmaximus in 12 BCE; residence of pontifex • Creation of 14 regions, 265 vici and the cult of the LaresCompitales • Creation of the SeviriAugustales • Control over election of pontifices (40 BCE on) • Implementation of the ludisaeculares (“Secular Games”) in 17 BCE

27. Was Augustus divine? • 44-32 BCE • divifilius (44) soter (“savior”) (40) • Sacrosanctitas (36) oath of allegiance (32) • 30-27 BCE • thanksgiving offered annually (9.23.30) refusal to treat him as a god (30) • Temple of Divine Iulius (29) “Augustus” (27) • Horace Carm. 3.5.1-4, 23 BCE: CaelotonantemcredidimusIovemWe believe that thundering Jupiter rules in heaven; Regnare; praesensdivushabebituryou will be considered a living divus Augustus adiectisBritannisAugustus, once the Britons have been added Imperiogravibusque Persia. to our empire, and weighty Persia (too). • 12-8 BCE • pontifexmaximus(12) appointed flamenDialis • recruited Vestal Virgins reorganized the calendar • took control of the Sibylline Books authorized the celebration of the LudiCompitales

28. What was the significance of the LudiSaeculares and the Carmen Saeculum?(“Secular Games” and the “Secular Hymn”)