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Lecture GEOG 335 Fall 2007 October 2, 2007

Lecture GEOG 335 Fall 2007 October 2, 2007. Background to the Development Project. Defining Development. “Gradual unfolding, fuller working out; growth; evolution…; well grown state, stage of enhancement; product; more elaborate form….”

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Lecture GEOG 335 Fall 2007 October 2, 2007

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  1. Lecture GEOG 335 Fall 2007 October 2, 2007

  2. Background to the Development Project

  3. Defining Development “Gradual unfolding, fuller working out; growth; evolution…; well grown state, stage of enhancement; product; more elaborate form….” - Oxford English Dictionary (adapted in Potter et al, 2004) “Development is a founding belief of the modern world….In development, all the modern advancements in science, technology, democracy, values, ethics and social organization fuse into the humanitarian project of producing a better world” (Peet & Hardwick 1999) “for two thirds of the people of the earth, [the] positive meaning of the word ‘development’ - profoundly rooted after two centuries of its social construction - is a reminder of what they are not. It is a reminder of an undesirable, undignified condition. To escape from it they need to be enslaved to others’ experiences and dreams.” (Esteva 1992)

  4. Emphasis on movement/progress • Moving from an undesirable to desirable condition ( • poor to rich, • traditional to modern, • primitive to civilized, • agrarian to industrial) • Historical movement: towards a better future • Geographical movement: spreading from one place into another place

  5. Emphasis on common goals • Who sets development goals? • What criteria is used to set goals? • How are development goals evaluated? Goals can be a window on “meanings” of development.

  6. Development actors/subjects • Who “does” Development? (Development Actors)

  7. Development actors/subjects • Who has Development “done” to them? (Development Subjects)

  8. Development/development “…‘big D’ Development [can be] defined as a post-second world war project of intervention in the ‘third world’ that emerged in the context of decolonization and the cold war, and ‘little d’ development [as] the development of capitalism as a geographically uneven, profoundly contradictory set of historical processes.” (Hart, 2001: 650, quoted in Lawson 2006: 3)

  9. Origins of Development

  10. 18th and 19th Century Europe (particularly in England) • Development as unfolding (18th century) • Development as evolution/growth/scientificprogress (19th century) • The moral need for controlleddevelopment in the face of uncontrolledcapitalist growth • Development as a moral response to economic change/industrial revolution: • centered around scientific & industrial progress • emphasis on Christian ideals: trusteeship, mission/conversion, moral duty (“White man’s burden”)

  11. Colonialism and the Third World Colonial Possessions, c. 1945 “Third World”

  12. Phase 1: Search for Wealth • Gold, ivory, spices • SLAVES – why? TriangleTrade

  13. Political Economy of Slavery • Plantation and mining economies of the “New World” required cheap slave labor… • … producing cheap raw materials for European and New England manufacturing • .. Finished goods (like guns, alcohol, iron) exported from Europe to purchase slaves

  14. Phase 2: Search for Raw Materials … to feed the industrial revolution

  15. Colonialization Redraws the Map

  16. Justifications & Motivations for Colonialism (…and Development) • A philanthropic effort, often with religious and moral overtones • A benign force of economic modernization and social advancement • A way to gain access to resources and to open up new markets • A way to shape the geopolitical landscape by influencing/controlling territory (now countries) and by denying your rivals/enemies influence/control

  17. Colonialism & Capitalism • The success of the industrial revolution based on European colonial expansion • Colonies provided raw materials for extraction and markets for manufactured goods. • Between 1875 and 1915: 1/4 of the earth’s land surface was colonized by a handful of countries • Different from merchantilism: rooted in new economic (capitalist) and political (nationalist/ imperialist) processes

  18. Emergence of the Modern Development Project • Nationalism and Struggles for Independence in the Colonies • Rise of Economics as dominate force in Development Theory • Applying Economic Development to (former) Colonies (particularly in Africa) • President Truman and the “invention” of Development

  19. Truman’s 1949 Inaugural Address

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