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Christian Brothers High School Department of Chemistry

Christian Brothers High School Department of Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Definitions. Organic means “based on carbon” Hydrogen, oxygen, and other elements are sometimes present Inorganic means all those compounds without carbon Exceptions: Diamond, graphite, carbon dioxide.

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Christian Brothers High School Department of Chemistry

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  1. Christian Brothers High SchoolDepartment of Chemistry Organic Chemistry

  2. Definitions • Organic means “based on carbon” • Hydrogen, oxygen, and other elements are sometimes present • Inorganic means all those compounds without carbon • Exceptions: Diamond, graphite, carbon dioxide

  3. What’s So Special About Carbon? • It can form 4 covalent bonds • With other carbon atoms • With other elements • Forms long chains (straight or branched) • Rings and hoops

  4. Meth- 1 carbons Eth- 2 carbons Prop- 3 carbons But- 4 carbons Pent- 5 carbons Hex- 6 carbons Hept- 7 carbons Oct- 8 carbons Non- 9 carbons Dec- 10 carbons Eico- 11 carbons Dodec- 12 carbons Organic Nomenclature: Prefixes

  5. Organic NomenclatureSuffixes/Meanings I • -ane Alkane (saturated hydrocarbon) • -ene Alkene (one double bond) • -yne Alkyne (one triple bond) • -ine organic amine (amphetamine, caffeine, cocaine, morphine, heroin) • -one Ketone (acetone, nail polish remover)

  6. Organic NomenclatureSuffixes/Meanings II • -ase Enzymes ( proteincatalysts in biochemical reactions) • -ose Sugars (glucose, sucrose) • -ol Alcohols • -al Aldehydes (formaldehyde) • -ate Esters (many flavors and fragrances) • -ade Something to drink

  7. Hydrocarbons • Compounds which contain only carbon and hydrogen • Obtained from petroleum distillation • Fuels, solvents, lubricants, waxes, paving materials • Starting materials for countless other products

  8. Hydrocarbons- Types • Aliphatic Long chains (can be branched) • Alicyclic Rings or hoops

  9. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons • 2 Types • Saturated (only single bonded carbons) • Unsaturated (can contain double or triple bonded carbons)

  10. Saturated Hydrocarbons(Alkanes) • All end in –ane • Only single bonds • Generic formula CnH(2n+2) • Known as a homologous series (add CH2 unit each time) • Methane CH4 (Natural Gas) • Propane C3H8 (common fuel gas) • Butane C4H10 (common fuel gas) • Gasoline (A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons from heptane C7H16 to Decane C10H22

  11. Saturated Hydrocarbons(Alkanes) • Kerosene (Mixture of C9-C17 Used as Jet fuel, home heater fuel) • Diesel ( Mixture of C9-C23 Used as motor fuel) • Lubricants (Range from C24 to C40 depending on viscosity needed) • Waxes C40-C70 (candle fuel) • Asphalt (Paving material) • Prop- + -ane = propane 3 carbon • Oct- + -ane = octane 8 carbons

  12. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons(Alkenes) • 1 Double Bond • Homologous Series remains the same, add CH2 each time • Generic formula CnH2n • Ethene (C2H4) common name ethylene • Butene (C4H8) • 2 double bonds are called Dienes • 3 double bonds are called Trienes

  13. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons(Alkynes) • Contains a triple bond • Names end in -yne • Generic formula CnH(2n-2) • Most Familiar example is ethyne • Common name acetylene C2H2 • Welding fuel kept dissolved in acetone

  14. Alicyclic Hydrocarbons • 2 types • Saturated rings • Cyclohexane C6H12 • Aromatic rings • Benzene C6H6

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