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Anatomy & Physiology: Body Structure, Function, and Language

Explore the study of anatomy and physiology, including the types of anatomy, specialized branches, tools for studying, levels of structural organization, maintaining life, homeostasis, and the language of anatomy.

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Anatomy & Physiology: Body Structure, Function, and Language

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  1. CHAPTER ONE: THE HUMAN BODY: An Orientation

  2. I. WHAT IS ANATOMY? • Anatomy = study of the structure and shape of body parts and how they relate to each other • Ana = apart • Tomy = to cut • What does anatomy literally mean? • To cut apart

  3. THREE MAIN TYPES OF ANATOMY • Gross • Microscopic • Developmental

  4. GROSS ANATOMY 1. Gross anatomy (macroscopic) = the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the: - heart - kidney - lung A. Regional Anatomy = All of the structures in one particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg. B. Systemic Anatomy = the gross anatomy of the body is studied system by system. C. Surface Anatomy = the study of body structures as they relate to the overlying skin

  5. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY 2. Microscopic Anatomy = Concerns structures too small to be seen with the naked eye. • Cytology = the study of cells cyto = cell • Histology = the study of tissues histo = tissue

  6. DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY 3. Developmental anatomy = traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span A. Embryology = concerns environmental changes in the embryo prior to birth

  7. SPECIALIZED BRANCHES OF ANATOMY • Used primarily for medical diagnosis and scientific research. • Anatomic Pathology= the study of structural changes caused by disease • Radiographic Anatomy = studies internal structures through x-ray • Molecular Biology = the structure of biological molecules is investigated.

  8. TOOLS FOR STUDYING ANATOMY • Anatomic terminology • Observation • Manipulation • Palpation = feeling organs with your hands • Auscultation = listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope

  9. II. WHAT IS PHYSIOLOGY? • Physiology = study of how the body and its part work or function • Physio = nature • Ology = the study of • What does physiology literally mean? • The study of nature

  10. TYPES OF PHYSIOLOGY • Renal Physiology = considers kidney function and urine production • Neurophysiology = Explains the functioning of the nervous system • Cardiovascular Physiology = Studies the functioning of the heart and blood vessels

  11. III. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY • Anatomy and physiology are alwaysrelated • Each part of your body has a job (function) • Structure determines the function • Principle of complementarity of structure and function: what a structure can do depends on its specific form Examples?? Bones Heart

  12. IV. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION • Chemical • Cellular • Tissue • Organ • Organ system • Organism

  13. Organ Systems 10. Urinary 11. Reproductive • Integumentary • Skeletal • Muscular • Nervous • Endocrine • Cardiovascular • Lymphatic/Immunity • Respiratory • Digestive

  14. V. MAINTAINING LIFE • Necessary Life Functions • 1. Maintaining boundaries – separating internal vs. external environments • 2. Movement • 3. Responsiveness – reaction to stimuli • 4. Digestion – breaking down food/chemicals • 5. Metabolism – all chemical reactions in a body • 6. Excretion – getting rid of wastes • 7. Reproduction – producing new cells for growth • 8. Growth – occurs when building activities are faster than destroying activities

  15. V. MAINTAINING LIFE • Survival Needs • 1. Nutrients – carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and minerals • 2. Oxygen – necessary for cellular respiration • 3. Water – basis of body fluids, 60% of body weight • 4. Normal body temperature • 5. Atmospheric pressure – needed for proper breathing • Just having these needs are not enough • You need to have them at the correct amounts

  16. VI. HOMEOSTASIS • Homeostasis = ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously

  17. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK • Negative feedback mechanisms = causes the variable to change in the opposite direction, returning to its ideal level. • Examples: • 1. Regulation of body temperature • 2. Blood Sugar • 3. Heart Rate • Others??

  18. EXAMPLES OF HOMEOSTASIS CONTROLLED BY NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

  19. POSITIVE FEEDBACK • Positive feedback mechanisms: • the response enhances the original stimulus so the original activity is accelerated • Less common than negative feedback • Examples • 1. Blood Clotting • 2. Enhancement of labor contractions during childbirth

  20. EXAMPLE OF POSITIVE FEEDBACK

  21. Why would you have a hard time learning and understanding physiology if you did not also understand anatomy?

  22. The Language of Anatomy

  23. I. THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY Why use a special kind of language? Why can’t we just say things like, above or below? The human body has so many different shapes and areas to it that saying “above” or “below” is not specific enough We need a special language in order to know exactly which location someone is talking about

  24. II. ANATOMICAL POSITION Most body terminology refers to the body when it is in anatomical position Anatomical position = body is upright, feet parallel, and arms hang at the side with palms facing forward (thumbs pointing away from the body)

  25. Anatomical Position

  26. III. DIRECTIONAL TERMS Directional terms = allow anatomists and medical personnel to explain where one body structure is in relation to another How would YOU describe where your ears are in relation to your nose? Anatomists would say the ears are lateral to the nose

  27. Directional Terms Superior (cranial or cephalad) = above, toward the head Inferior (caudal) = below, towards lower part of body Ventral (anterior) = in front of, on the front side of the body Dorsal (posterior) = behind, on the backside of the body

  28. Directional Terms Medial = towards the midline of the body Lateral = away from the midline of the body Intermediate = between a more medial and a more lateral structure

  29. Directional Terms Proximal = close to the trunk of the body Distal = away from the truck of the body Superficial = towards or at the surface of the body Deep = away from the surface, internal

  30. Directional Terms

  31. Practicing Directional Terms Using the definitions above or Table 1.1 on pg. 15 of your text, use the correct direction term to complete the sentence. The breastbone is ________________ to the spine. The brain is ___________________ to the spinal cord. The ankle is __________________ to the foot. The skin is __________________ to the muscles.

  32. IV. REGIONAL TERMS Regional terms are used point to specific parts on the surface of the body To make it slightly easier, we will split the regional terms up into two groups: anterior and posterior

  33. Anterior Body Landmarks Abdominal = anterior body trunk, inferior to ribs Acromial = shoulder Antebrachial = forearm Antecubital = anterior surface of elbow Axillary = armpit

  34. Anterior Body Landmarks Brachial = arm Buccal = cheek Carpal = wrist Cervical = neck Coxal = hip Crural = leg

  35. Anterior Body Landmarks Deltoid = curve of shoulder made by the deltoid muscle Digital = fingers and toes Femoral = thigh Fibular = lateral part of leg Frontal = forehead

  36. Anterior Body Landmarks Inguinal = area where thigh meets body trunk, groin Mental = chin Nasal = nose area Oral = mouth Orbital = eye area Patellar = anterior knee

  37. Anterior Body Landmarks Pelvic = area overlying the pelvis Pubic = genital region Sternal = breastbone area Tarsal = ankle region Thoracic = chest Umbilical = navel

  38. Posterior Body Landmarks Calcaneal = heel of foot Cephalic = head Femoral = thigh Gluteal = buttock Lumbar = area of back between ribs and hips Occipital = posterior surface of head, base of skull

  39. Posterior Body Landmarks Olecranal = posterior surface of elbow Plantar = sole of foot Popliteal = posterior knee area Sacral = area between hips Scapular = shoulder blade region Sural = posterior surface of leg, the calf Vertebral = area of spinal column

  40. V. BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS Section = cut Plane = imaginary line in which a section is made through the body wall or organ Three main types of sections: Sagittal Frontal Transverse

  41. Sagittal Section • Sagittal section = cuts along the lengthwise plane of the body • Divides the body into right and left parts • Median (midsagittal) section = sagittal cut directly down the midline of the body, making equal right and left halves • Any sagittal section that is not median, is parasagittal • Para = near

  42. Sagittal Section

  43. Frontal Section Frontal section = lengthwise cut that divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts Can also be called a coronal section

  44. Frontal Section

  45. Transverse Section Transverse section = a cut along a horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior parts Can also be called a cross section

  46. Transverse Section

  47. VI. BODY CAVITIES Two main body cavities: Dorsal Ventral Each cavity (dorsal and ventral) also contains smaller cavities and regions

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