La strategia INFN per i futuri acceleratori

1. La strategia INFN per i futuri acceleratori Alessandro Variola LNF INFN Thanks to P.Fabbricatore, M Ferrario

2. Accelerators • New trends can identify four categories for the future accelerators projects: • High Energy : HE LHC, FCC hhee, ILC&CLIC, Mu collider…. • High Intensity : ESS, IFMIF (Fusion), Mu Collider…. • High Gradient : Plasma acceleration - EuPraxia, X Band, Dielectric structures…. • High Brillance : XFEL, ELI, Brixs… • Accelerators projects drives the design and study of the machines but, first of all for • INFN, the development of the associated technological R&Ds

3. High Energy

4. High Luminosity upgrade of LHC (Agreements CERN-INFN) • SF Correctors design and Prototypes construction and test (INFN LASA and Genova) • D2 Short Model (MRBDS1) (1.6 m) and Prototype (MRBDP1) (8 m) construction - INFN Genova • SF Correctors- Construction (in industry) and cold test (at LASA) of all 54 magnets of HL-LHC line - INFN MiLasa 40 mm Riron = 300 mm The D2 magnet under development 50 mm Future Circular Collider Study: Development of High Field (16T) dipole INFN Mi –Lasa & Ge The INFN design with cosine theta coils is considered the baseline design of the magnet Inter-beam = 204 mm 20 mm 110 mm • Agreement with CERN to be finalized for the construction of a 2 m model single aperture (2018-2021). Just the first step of a much longer activity (5-10 years) P.Fabbricatore

5. Future Circular Collider Study at CERN: INFN contributions ~16 T  100 TeVpp in 100 km • pp-collider (FCC-hh) • 80-100 km infrastructure in Geneva area • e+e- collider (FCC-ee) as potential intermediate step • p-e (FCC-he) option • HE-LHC with FCC-hh technology FCC-hh Hadron Collider: • Machine Detector Interface (LNF) • Cryogenic beam vacuum system (LNF) • High field (16 T) magnet R&D (Ge, Mi-Lasa) in the framework of EU H2020 Grant EuroCirCol: started on June 1st 2015, for 4 years. Core aspects of 100 TeV energy frontier hadron collider design FCC-ee Lepton Collider • Machine Detector Interface (LNF)-Convenership crab-waist scheme implemented, accounting for : FinalFocus quads, Solenoidcompensation, scheme HOM, impedance, LumicalShieldingsand masks, Synchr. Radiationimpact, Beam backgrounds, IP backgrounds, Collectiveeffects • Impedance Evaluation (Sapienza, INFN-Roma1) • Thin film technology for SRF cavities (Legnaro)

6. Mu colliders(Also High Intensity)…cooling C.Rubbia

7. New INFN Proposal: Low Emittance Muon Source direct m pair production: e+em+m- just above the m+m-production threshold with minimal muon energy spread, with direct annihilation of 45GeV e+with atomic e- in a thin target O(0.01 radiation length) very small emittance at m production point nocooling needed! e- gun linac m- AR to fast acceleration AMD TT Goal e+ T Advantages: Low emittance possible:can be very small close to threshold Low background: Luminosity thanks to low emittance → easier experiments conditions, can go up in energy Reduced losses from decay:mproduced with high boost Energy spread: muon energy spread also small at threshold Disadvantage:rate: much smaller swrtprotons (mb) very low emittance, sufficient rate normalized muon emittance eN= 40 nm muon production rate at target 1011 m/s allows competitive luminosity at low fluxes AR m+ e+ e+ Linac or Booster (not to scale) Key topics for feasibility • Low emittance and high momentum acceptance 45 GeV e+ ring • O(100 kW) class target in the e+ ring for m+ m- production • High rate positron source • High momentum acceptance muon accumulator rings Possible scheme M.Boscolo

8. High Intensity

9. ESS - DTL (Drift Tube Linac)(90 MeV-62.5 mA)Completion of the installation of the DTL at Lund during2020 • Production of tank modules and girder in Italy • Production of the drift tubes, equipped with PMQ or BPM or steerers, in Italy (INFN LNL for the first set). • Assembly of the DTL tank (8 m) in a dedicated lab • Ready for installation in the ESS tunnel • The largest normal conducting part • The drift tubes equipped with permanent magnet quadrupoles are centered with 0.1 mm precision Collaboration of INFN LNL and TO A.Pisent

10. ESS - Medium beta cavities (LASA -Mi): Technical Performances • INFN In-Kind contribution: • Niobium procurement for the fabrication of 36 medium beta cavities. • Cavity fabrication of 36 medium beta cavities in the industry, including treatments, tuning, Helium tank integration, accomplishing the ESS requirements in terms of performances and functional interfaces. • Cold test in a qualified infrastructure (DESY). • Transportation in special boxes and delivery at CEA cryomodule assembling facility. • INFN R&D on prototypes, outside of in-kind contribution: • Built prototypes of medium beta cavities. • INFN design, using Large and Fine Grain Nb, plug compatible with ESS cryomodule. • Full treatment (BCP, HPR, clean room) done in industry. • Final handling and test will be done in the qualified infrastructure at LASA. P.Michelato

11. Sources LNS PS-ESS (the Proton Source for the European Spallation Source) was designed to get the best performances in terms of proton beam current and emittance. Tests have been carried out, showing that 100 to 150 mA of protons,. A so a further increase of current by a factor two with a slightly larger emittance is next goal (in this case a 99,9% availability over 6 months is a challenge, anyway). 2018-02-01 Source fully assembled in Lund by INFN-LNS team The performances (one generator only) are betterthan the ones of other ECR ionsourcesdevoted to multiplychargedion production for hadrontherapy. A redesignispartiallydone to obtainmAintensityeither for multiplychargedlight ions and for the heaviest. According to recentresults, a larger RF powerwill open new frontiers, competing with more expensive 4th generation ECRIS. S.Gammino

12. IFMIF INFN RFQ at Rokkasho

13. In the frame of PIP-II collaboration, INFN designed a 5-cells superconducting elliptical cavity for the • β = 0.61 section of the linac (11 cryomodules, 3 cavities/module). • Jointly with Fermilab, the EP (ElectroPolishing) technology for the RF surface finishing is going to be developed for these large structures at 650 MHz. • For the development of the production strategy some prototype cavities are under construction: • 3 single cells, 2 large-grain and 1 fine-grain material • 2 fine-grain multicell

14. High Gradient

15. High Gradient • RF accelerating structures, from X-band to K-band => 100 MV/m < Eacc < 1 GV/m • Dielectrict structures, laser or particle driven => 1 GV/m < Eacc < 10 GV/m • Plasma accelerator, laser or particle driven => 1 GV/m < Eacc < 100 GV/m • R&D facility, as in the case of the XFEL for ILC, are based on high gradient, low intensity light sources.

16. CLIC New EU Design Study Approved Coordinator: G. D’Auria (Elettra) Focus on X-band technology Other R&D :R&D on advanced accelerating structures K-band RF Structures (also in CompactLight), Measured so far:@ 130 GHz -> 300 MV/m acceler, 1 GV/m peak (INFN-NORCIA) photonic structures - DEMETRA

17. Motivations Courtesy R. Assmann

18. EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB • Candidate LNF to host EuPRAXIA (1-5 GeV) • FEL user facility (1 GeV – 3nm) • Advanced Accelerator Test facility (LC) + CERN 6 m 24 m 55 m 40 m 31 m 12 m 32 m 52 m 132 m • 500 MeV by RF Linac + 500 MeV by Plasma (LWFA or PWFA) • 1 GeV by X-band RF Linac only • Final goal compact 5 GeV accelerator M.Ferrario

19. High BrillanceColliders facilities (see high intensity).

20. THE NUCLEAR PHYSICS FACILITY FOR ELI-NP Advanced Laser source (Thales) Two 10 PW APOLLON-type lasers with output energy higher that 200J, 20-30fs, intensity higher than 1023 W/cm2 Advanced Gammasource (EuroGammaS Consortium) Inverse Compton scattering machine with a tunableenergy of the gamma photons between 0.2 and 19.5 MeV, a narrow bandwidth (0.5%) and a high spectral density (104 photons/sec/eV). Nuclear Photonics A.Variola

21. BriXS & MariXFEL 3.2-3.8 GeV 1.5-1.8 GeV 3.-3.6 GeV Elettra-like Compton Compton BriXS: 20-150 keV mono-chromatic X-rays up to 5.1012photons/sec in 5% bdw L.Serafini

22. INFN strategy…… • LHC, HL –HE well established.SC Magnets and High field(16 T) • Future collider. ILC and CLIC TDR completed, need a true start. Test facilities (XFEL, compact light, Eusparc…). High gradient L band (30 MV/m) and x band loadedsectionsdeveloped. After 5 yearsstillwaiting for the Japan move….CLIC seemsunfavouredatpresent. • Future colliders FCC. Global design effort. HH eeverydifferentmachines and technologies…. need of a directionbefore R&D. • For circularcolliders design needs to mantaincompetences (Dafne..discussionongoing – Other?). • New entry, mu collider. Needs a lot of R&D. Targets studies. INFN proposal. • High intensity – sinergy with NuPecc. INFN technologyis state of the art. Keywords : MW classprotonbeams, neutrinos, mu collider, applications. High intensitysources for allprojects. • High gradient – x band. Plasma can be the answer for next generation? Eupraxia FEL answer to beamquality….. BUT Missing high rep rate (high intensity) and positrons…need a program on this for LC feasibility. • High Brillance: Light sourcesproduces high qualitybeams and high brillance. Best test facilities for high intensitycollidersbeams. • After the crabwaistmissinglowerenergy, high precision…

23. Thankyou to all the contributors

26. Eight independent 125 kW amplifiers (one per RF coupler) 5 orderered end delivered by DB electronics (Padova) Each amplifier needs5 racks as in the following scheme (including power supply) Advantages respect to a klystron • Lower operating costs (cost and duration of components) • Availability e reliability (no stop operation in case of components failure) • Absence of high voltages very important for the operation in a hospital MUNES andrea.pisent@lnl.infn.it

27. Extending high energy frontier MAP design for a 6 TeV MC Need low fluxes to cope with radiological hazard Low emittance and very low b* Adesign study is needed to have a reliable estimate of performances Low EMittance Muon Accelerator 5x103lower emittance