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Individual differences

Individual differences. Include : Intelligence & Personality Intelligence : Problem-solving skills and the ability to adapt to and learn from life’s everyday experiences. Mental Age Intelligence Quotient Normal Distribution.

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Individual differences

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  1. Individual differences Include: Intelligence & Personality Intelligence: Problem-solving skills and the ability to adapt to and learn from life’s everyday experiences

  2. Mental Age Intelligence Quotient Normal Distribution An individual’s level of mental development relative to others A symmetrical distribution Majority of the scores falling in the middle Few scores in the extremes Individual Intelligence TestsThe Binet Tests

  3. Intelligence The Normal Curve

  4. Individual Intelligence TestsThe Wechsler Scales Age-related versions provide an overall IQ and also yield both verbal and performance IQs. (WPPSI-P) Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised. Ages 4 to 6 ½ (WISC-R) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. Ages 6 to 16 (WAIS-R) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised

  5. Wechsler Subscales

  6. Group Intelligence Tests Advantage • More convenient and economical Disadvantages • Examiner cannot: • establish rapport • determine student’s level of anxiety • Student: • might not understand instructions • might be distracted by other students

  7. Theories of Multiple IntelligenceEarly Views • Spearman (1927): People have both general intelligence (g) and specific types of intelligence (s). • Thurston (1938): People have seven specific intellectual abilities (verbal comprehension, associative memory, word fluency, reasoning, number ability, spatial visualization, and perceptual speed).

  8. Theories of Multiple IntelligenceSternberg’s Theory Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence • Analytical: analyze, judge, evaluate, compare/contrast • Creative: create, design, invent, originate, and imagine • Practical: use, apply, implement, put into practice

  9. Theories of Multiple IntelligenceGardner’s Theory • Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences • Skills are represented in the following areas: • Verbal • Musical • Mathematical • Intrapersonal • Spatial • Interpersonal • Bodily-kinesthetic • Naturalist

  10. Salovey Mayer Emotional Intelligence • Salovey and Mayer (1990) • Read and understand emotions in oneself and others, • Use emotion and emotional expression to manage oneself and others.

  11. IntelligenceControversies and Issues Nature and Nurture • Heritability of IQ about 50% according to twin studies. • Similarity to parents’ IQ increases with age, 40% in childhood to 60% in adulthood.

  12. IntelligenceControversies and Issues Culturally biased tests favor: • Urban over rural children • Middle-income over low-income children • White children over minority children Culture-fair tests, free of cultural bias: Type 1: Include items familiar to all SES and ethnic backgrounds Type 2: All of the verbal items are removed

  13. Raven’s Progressive Matrices

  14. IntelligenceControversies and Issues The Flynn effect IQ scores are rising • About 3 points per decade • All over the world • More pronounced on abstract tests Possible reasons?

  15. IntelligenceControversies and Issues Ability Grouping and Tracking Between-Class Ability Grouping groups students based on their ability or achievement. Advantages - Narrows class skill range - Prevents “less able” students from holding back more talented students Disadvantages - Stigmatizes students in lower track - May segregate students by SES and ethnicity

  16. Deep learners actively construct knowledge and are more internally motivated. Reflective Students surpass Impulsive Students Reflective students set higher standards, are better at reading comprehension, problem-solving, and remembering structured information. Learning and Thinking StylesDichotomies Deep Learners Surface Learners

  17. Personality and Temperament Personality: The distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world Temperament: A person’s behavioral style and characteristic way of responding

  18. Personality and Temperament The “Big Five” Personality Factors

  19. Personality and Temperament Three basic styles of temperament found in children • Easy • Positive mood • Establishes regular routines • Adapts to new experiences • Difficult • React negatively • Aggressive tendencies • Lacks self-control • Slow-to-Warm-Up • Low activity level • Negative • Slow adaptability • Low intensity of mood

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