The Reformation & Counter-Reformation

1. The Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1500s Europe)

2. How did the Renaissance lead to the Protestant Reformation? (Class document handouts)

3. Document 1 The Medieval R.C. Church Describe the role of the RCC in the Middle Ages.

4. Document 2The Renaissance How did the introduction of new trade around 1300 change Europe?

5. Document 3Humanism How did the ideas of the Humanists differ from those of people during the Middle Ages?

6. Document 4The Renaissance Church How did the Church pay for the religious masterpieces of art created during the Renaissance such as DaVinci’s Last Supper?

7. Document 5The Printing Press What were Gutenberg’s first projects for reproduction?What effect would the availability of books have on society?

8. Document 6Johann Tetzel What is an indulgence?Why would an everyday person in the early 1500s buy an indulgence from Tetzel?

9. Document 7Martin Luther Why would Martin Luther give credibility to the protest against the abuses of the RCC?How do you think the pope will react to Luther’s actions?

10. 1536 published The Institutes of the Christian Religion Christians could only reach heaven through faith alone Predestination – the belief that God had determined before the beginning of time who would gain salvation Church is led by local council of ministers Followed strict code of conduct (no fighting, swearing, drunkenness, gambling, card playing or dancing) Set-up a model community in Geneva, Switzerland John Calvin (1509-1564)French Priest

11. After 18 years of marriage, Henry & his wife, Catherine of Aragon (Spain), had only one child, a daughter named Mary He asked the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine in an effort to remarry and obtain a male heir (common practice during the time since the Catholic Church does not allow divorce) The pope refused Henry’s request since the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, was Catherine’s nephew Henry VIII (1491-1547)King of England Why does Henry want a male heir?Predict how Henry will react to the pope’s refusal.

12. 1534 Act of Supremacy Created the Church of England Made Henry head of the Church (not the pope) Kept Catholic doctrines & forms of worship Reaction in England Devout Catholics opposed 1535 Thomas More (Utopia) beheaded for treason 1536-1540 Henry closed monasteries & convents and seized Church land Henry’s Supremacy What was Henry’s goal for all of these changes?Should Henry be considered part of the Reformation?

13. Henry’s Wives Archbishop Thomas Cranmer annulled Henry’s marriage to Catherine in 1532. Catherine is separated from Mary, banished from court & 4 years later, died of a broken heart. Catherine of Aragon m. 1509 - 1532 Henry marries Anne Boleyn (Catherine’s lady in waiting) in 1533 & they have a daughter, Elizabeth. Anne falls out of Henry’s favor after a still-born son. She is executed on false evidence for treason in 1536. Anne Boleyn m. 1533 - 1536 Eleven days after Anne’s execution, he married her lady in waiting, Jane Seymour. Jane gave birth to a boy, Edward, but died after complications 12 days later. Jane Seymourm. 1536 - 1537

14. Henry’s Wives (cont.) Thomas Cromwell, his Chief Minister, persuaded Henry to marry Anne for an alliance with Germany, as Anne's father was the Duke. However, Henry didn’t find her attractive & they divorced amicably. Anne of Cleves m. 1540 Jan. - July Kathryn was a cousin of Anne Boleyn. She was 19 when she married Henry (he was 50). She was accused of having lovers & was beheaded in 1542 (with the lovers). Kathryn Howard m. 1540 - 1542 Katherine became a companion and nurse for Henry in old age. She reunited him with his children, who all came back to court before his death in 1547. Katherine Parr m. 1543 - 1547

15. What became of the Church of England after Henry’s death? • Henry VIII’s will gave the throne to his children: Edward (if no male heirs)  Mary (if no male heirs)  Elizabeth (if no male heirs)  Henry’s younger sister & her family (they were Protestant) • 1547 – Edward succeeded Henry at 9 years old to become Edward VI. • The young king was surrounded by Protestant officials who pushed for Calvinist reforms. • Thomas Cranmer drew up the Book of Common Prayer • Imposed moderate form of Protestant service Why did these reforms spark violence in England?

16. What became of the Church of England after Henry’s death? (cont.) • Edward VI died of tuberculosis in 1553 (at 15) w/o an heir  he gave the throne to his cousin Jane Grey (bypassing his sisters) • Jane was queen for 9 days until one-by-one, the counties proclaimed Mary queen. • Mary became queen in 1553 (at 37) & married her cousin, Philip II of Spain (at 27), the son & heir of Charles V (HRE) • Many English were unhappy w/ a Catholic monarch & plots against the queen began  Mary responded w/ executing 300 people & earning her nickname “Bloody Mary”) Why didn’t Edward want his sisters to become queen?

17. What became of the Church of England after Henry’s death? (cont.) • Mary fell ill in the spring of 1558 & died that fall w/o an heir  the crown passed to Elizabeth • Avoiding religious tension – she adopted the Act of Uniformity (a religious compromise of Protestant belief and Catholic practice that became known as Anglican • Book of Common Prayer reestablished • The monarch headed of the Church • Latin was the language of the Church • Catholic hierarchy was kept • England was firmly a Protestant nation Why did Elizabeth adopt the Act of Uniformity?