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1. MAVEN Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative December 06, 2006 Adam Cowling, Jason Forshaw Stephanie Goellner, Chris Inzana Laura Jones, Tony Pane, Jason Small

2. Table of Contents Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Table of Contents • Motivations for Exploring Mars • Characteristics of Mars • Influential Missions • Mission Parameters • Team MAVEN • System Architecture • System Synthesis

3. Motivations: • Reasons for humans to explore another planet

4. Why Explore Mars? Technological Advancement Celestial Understanding Search for Life Political Motivations Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Motivations [A]

5. Advancing Technology Space technology Advances our capacity to explore the galaxy Life support technology Learn how to live in hostile environments Spin-off technology Benefits beyond space because of new engineering capabilities Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Motivations [B] [C]

6. Celestial Understanding Origin of the solar system / planets The future of Earth Mars and Earth may have had similar pasts Comparative sciences Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Motivations [D]

7. Search for Life Mars was once teeming with water Necessary for life as we know it Potential for past or present life on Mars Profound scientific and philosophical implications Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Motivations [E] [I] [F] [G]

8. Political Motivations Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Motivations • A successful manned Martian mission would increase national prestige • Promotes international cooperation • Encourages a global perspective on Earthly affairs [H]

9. Mars, the Red Planet: What we can expect to find on Mars

10. Mars and Earth Compared Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Mars Characteristics Mars Characteristics (% Earth) Radius……………………….53% Mass………………………....11% Surface Gravity……………38% Atmospheric Pressure………1% Density……………………….71% Sunlight Received…………44% [AA] [AA] Day 1.025 Year Earth Day: 24:00 hours Mars Day: 24:38 hours

11. Temperature Comparison Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Mars Characteristics Earth Surface Temperature: Mean: 15°C (59°F) Maximum: 58°C (136°F) Minimum: -89°C (-128°F) [AA] Mars Surface Temperature: Mean: -63°C (-81.4°F) Maximum: 27°C (80°F) Minimum: -133°C (-207°F)

12. Atmospheric Properties Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Mars Characteristics [AB] [AC]

13. Influential Space Missions: • What we’ve learned and how they’ll help us

14. Human Space Missions: ISS Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Influential Missions • Increase knowledge of long-term space life • Physical well being • Mental well being • Supplies required • Necessary procedures [BA] [BB]

15. Human Space Missions: Apollo Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Influential Missions [BC] • Extra-Vehicular Activity • Beyond Earth’s magnetosphere • Surface Ascent and Descent [BD] [BE]

16. Mars Orbiters Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Influential Missions • Mars orbit insertion (Aerobraking) • Characterize climate & geology • Communication relay satellites for landers & rovers • Examples: [BF] [BG] [BH] Mars Global Surveyor Mars Odyssey Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

17. Mars Landers Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Influential Missions [BI] • Atmospheric entry & descent • Methods for landing (Airbag system) • Climate & geology characterization • Examples: [BJ] [BK] [BL] Sojourner Rover (Pathfinder) Rover Spirit Rover Opportunity

18. Mars Sample Return [BN] Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative [BM] Influential Missions • Concepts for ascent from Martian surface • In-situ propellant generation • Earth-Mars contamination issues • Scientific integrity of data • Public concern [BO]

19. Mission Parameters: • The AIAA requirements for a Mars mission

20. AIAA Competition Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Mission Parameters • Undergraduate Team Space Transportation Design Competition through AIAA • Product: 100 page report • Top prize: $2500 • Deadlines include: • Letter of Intent — 17 March 2007 • Proposal Delivered to AIAA — 15 June 2007 • Announcement of Winners — August 2007 [CA]

21. Mission Timeline Launch by 2029 Proceed from LEO to land on Mars Live on Mars for 18 months Return to Earth One manned mission every 2 years Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Mission Parameters [CB] [CC]

22. Crew, Payload, and Mission Details Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Mission Parameters [CD] • Crew of 4 people • A minimum of 500 kg • A minimum return of 100 kg payload • 17 subsystems

23. EVA Capability EVA for a minimum of 2 people May include: Soil sample collection Atmospheric data collection Terrain photography Equipment repair Crew transport Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Mission Parameters [CE]

24. Team MAVEN: • Our team organization and structure

25. Mission Statement Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Team MAVEN he mission of MAVEN is to advance space technology and to improve humanity’s understanding of the solar system through the long-term, manned exploration of the Martian environment with intent to expand the human domain and promote global synergy. T

26. Mission Patch Your name here Your name here Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Team MAVEN To Mars, so it begins

27. Team Organization ELS Environmental & Life Support ADC Attitude, Dynamics, & Controls SVE Structures & Vehicle Engineering APS Avionics & Power Systems SMA Safety & Mission Assurance PSE Propulsion Systems Engineering Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Team MAVEN Six Functional Divisions: Number of People 3 2 3 2 2 2

28. Functional Divisions ELS Environmental & Life Support ADC Attitude, Dynamics, & Controls Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Team MAVEN • Environment & Life Support (ELS) • Thermal Control • Life Support • Radiation Shielding [DA] • Attitude Determination & Control • Earth Launch • Guidance, Navigation, and Control • Earth Landing/Recovery [DB]

29. Functional Divisions Contd. SVE Structures & Vehicle Engineering APS Avionics & Power Systems Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Team MAVEN • Structures and Vehicles (SVE) • Crew Transfer Vehicle • Habitation Module • EVA Equipment/Support • Payload Storage/Delivery • Mars Ascent/Descent Vehicle [DC] [1] [DD] • Avionics and Power Systems (APS) • Avionics Systems • Power Storage/Distribution • Communications / Telemetry

30. Functional Divisions Contd. SMA Safety & Mission Assurance PSE Propulsion Systems Engineering Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Team MAVEN • Propulsion Systems (PSE) • Propulsion Systems • Propellant [DF] [DE] • Safety and Mission Assurance (SMA) • Crew Safety • Vehicle Health Monitoring

31. Requirement Process Flow Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Team MAVEN Values and Objectives (High Level) Customer (AIAA) Requirements Mission Requirements Subsystem Requirements (High Level) Reiterate Mission Design Subsystem Requirements (Low Level) Subsystem Design

32. Mission Phases Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative Team MAVEN

33. System Architecture: • A look at the big picture

34. Mission Sequence Mars to LMO LMO to Mars LEO to LMO LMO to LEO LEO to Earth Earth to LEO Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative [EB] Martian Surface 18 months Variable < 1 hour Variable LMO Variable LMO LMO ~ 8 months ~ 8 months Variable LEO LEO Variable LEO <15 min. < 15 min. [EA] System Architecture

35. Earth Ascent to LMO Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative [EB] LMO LEO [EC] [EA] System Architecture

36. Earth Ascent to LMO Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative [EB] LMO LEO [EC] [EE] [EA] System Architecture

37. Earth Ascent to LMO Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative [EB] LMO LEO [EC] [EE] [EA] System Architecture

38. LMO to Martian Surface to LEO Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative [EB] [ED] LMO LEO [EA] System Architecture

39. LMO to Martian Surface to LEO Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative [EB] [ED] LMO LEO [EA] System Architecture

40. Earth Descent via Earth Ferry Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative [EB] LMO LEO [EA] System Architecture

41. LEO to Earth Surface Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative [EB] LMO LEO [EA] System Architecture

42. LEO to Earth Surface Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative [EB] LMO LEO [EG] [EF] [EA] System Architecture

43. Deciding among the Options Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative • Values to Maximize: • Survivability • Redundancy • Reliability • Reusability • Robustness • Packing Efficiency • Values to Minimize: • Complexity • Cost • Mass • Human Error System Architecture

44. System Synthesis: • Relevant elements in each subsystem

45. Environmental and Life Support Survivability Requirements Correct breathable gases (O2,N2, CO2) Food & water Thermally controlled environment Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative [FA] [FB] System Synthesis

46. Environmental and Life Support Environmental Hazards Radiation Electrostatic arcing Outgassing Thermal Control Radiators Heat pipes Thermal coating and layering Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative System Synthesis [FC] [FC] [FD]

47. Attitude, Dynamics, and Control Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative System Synthesis • Sensors • Attitude sensors • Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) • Actuators • CMGs • Momentum wheels • Thrusters [FE] [FF] [FG] [FH]

48. Attitude, Dynamics, and Control Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative System Synthesis • Spacecraft Dynamics: • Transfer orbits • Orbit insertions [FK] [FL] Earth to Mars: Hohmann Transfer Mars Orbit Insertion: Aerocapture

49. Structures and Vehicles Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative System Synthesis • Launch Vehicles [FM] Ares V Payload Ares I Crew

50. Structures and Vehicles Crew Transfer Vehicle Reduce mass Increase packing efficiency Ascent/Descent Vehicle Withstand forces of launch/landing Possibly combined with habitation module Mars Vehicle Exploration Initiative System Synthesis [FI] [FJ]