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The Ferment of Reform and Culture AP – Ch 15

The Ferment of Reform and Culture AP – Ch 15. 2011. Reviving Religion. church attendance was a regular ritual Alexis de Tocqueville declared that there was “no country in the world where the Christian religion retains a greater influence over the souls of men than in America”.

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The Ferment of Reform and Culture AP – Ch 15

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  1. The Ferment of Reform and CultureAP – Ch 15 2011

  2. Reviving Religion • church attendance was a regular ritual • Alexis de Tocqueville declared that there was “no country in the world where the Christian religion retains a greater influence over the souls of men than in America”

  3. Deism – Relied on reason rather than revelation • Deism helped inspire the Unitarian faith • Believed that God existed in only one person • Belief in free will • Possibility of salvation through good works • Appealed mostly to intellectuals

  4. Second Great Awakening • the most momentous episode in the history of American religion • Timothy Dwight • Early revivalist leader • Yale College • Frontier phase = camp meetings

  5. Creation of New Sects • Presbyterians • 1801 Plan of Union • Joined with Congregationalists in New England • Baptists • Simplicity of doctrine appealed to frontier people • Methodists • Developed the most effective evangelical method • “circuit rider” • Francis Asbury

  6. Peter Cartwright • Methodist circuit preacher • By 1840s the Methodists were the largest Protestant Church in the country • Camp Meetings sometimes involved thousands of people and several preachers

  7. Burned-Over District • Western New York – residence of many Puritan descendants – was so tired of preachers sermonizing “hellfire and damnation” that it came to be known as the “Burned-Over District” • Charles Goodson Finney • Greatest of the revival preachers • Devised the “anxious bench” • Denounced alcohol and slavery • Human perfectibility

  8. Mormons • Joseph Smith • 14 – had a vision form God • 17 – angel led him to the Book of Mormon • 4 years later translated the book into English • Founded church in 1830 • Anti-slavery beliefs put them in conflict with southern states

  9. Mormon Moses – Brigham Young • Moved the group to Utah where they established political and economic control

  10. Public Schooling • Not educating the poor created ignorant rabble with the power to vote • schoolteachers were mostly men worried more about “lickin” than “larnin” • focused on the 3r’s – “reading”, “ritin”, and “rithmetic” • Horace Mann • Pushed for education reforms

  11. Higher Education • demanded because of the religious zeal of the 2nd Great Awakening • wanted expanded curriculum • women’s higher education frowned upon • men believed that too much learning injured the female brain

  12. Age of Reform • Puritan view of the perfect society • Free from cruelty • war • intoxicating drink • discrimination • slavery • reform campaigns allowed women out of the house and working in the arena of public affairs

  13. debtors prison • 1830 – hundreds of penniless people were languishing in filthy holes • criminal codes – softening • # of capital offenses being reduced • whipping and branding

  14. insanity • people treated with incredible cruelty • Dorothea Dix – campaigned for the insane • 1828 – American Peace Society • Formed because people wanted peace • William Ladd

  15. Demon Rum • alcohol - curse on American society • weddings and funerals often became disgraceful brawls • decreased efficiency of labor and workers safety • threatened families • American Temperance Society – 1826 • Crusade led by women

  16. Women in Revolt • women were supposed to subordinate themselves to their husbands • industrial revolution gave women new freedom • able to avoid marriage • Women’s rights activist • Lucretia Mott • Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Susan B Anthony • Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell • First female graduate of a medical college

  17. Utopia • Idea to create societies of cooperation and for the common good • Robert Owen – 1825 – founded a communal society of about 1000 people at New Harmony, Indiana • Radical experiment of the Oneida Community in New York in 1848

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