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Nouns and Adjectives

Nouns and Adjectives. Review Week 3. Nouns. In Latin, nouns have 3 characteristics: gender , number , and case . Latin nouns decline (take certain endings) to exhibit their gender , number , and case .

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Nouns and Adjectives

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  1. Nouns and Adjectives Review Week 3

  2. Nouns • In Latin, nouns have 3 characteristics: gender, number, and case. • Latin nouns decline (take certain endings) to exhibit their gender, number, and case. • Latin nouns also fall into 5 distinct categories, or declensions, each of which follows its own pattern of endings. • The gender of a noun does not change, but its number and case will change based upon its syntactical use in a given sentence. • You must recognize which declension a noun belongs to in order to be able to identify its number and case correctly. • Each of the Five Declensions is recognizable based on its genitive singular ending; this is why you MUST memorize the genitive singular form of a noun when you first learn it. • Also, the genitive singular form will provide the stem for each noun; simply remove the genitive singular ending to find the stem. • We will now work our way through each declension, reviewing the forms and characteristics of each.

  3. Nouns – 1st Declension • The FIRST DECLENSION is built upon the thematic vowel “a”. • Its nouns are primarily FEMININE, but there are a few notable exceptions (poeta, nauta, agricola, etc.-which are all masculine and describe various professions). • The genitive singular ending is “-ae” Summary of Endings: Sing. Pl. -a -ae -ae -ārum -ae -īs -am -ās -ā -īs porta, -ae, f. NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. SING. porta portae portae portam portā PL. portae portārum portīs portās portīs

  4. Nouns – 2nd Declension - Masculine • The SECOND DECLENSION is built upon the thematic vowel “o”, which weakens to “u” when short and in the final syllable of the word. • Its nouns are exclusively MASCULINE or NEUTER. • The masculine nouns will have a nominative singular ending “-us” or “-er” • The genitive singular ending is “-ī” amīcus, -ī, m. NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. SING. amīcus amīcī amīcō amīcum amīcō PL. amīcī amīcōrum amīcīs amīcōs amīcīs Summary of Endings: Sing. Pl. -us/-er-ī -ī -ōrum -ō -īs -um -ōs -ō -īs puer, -ī, m. NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. SING. puer puerī puerō puerum puerō PL. puerī puerōrum puerīs puerōs puerīs

  5. Nouns – 2nd Declension - Neuter • The SECOND DECLENSION is built upon the thematic vowel “o” , which weakens to “u” when short and in the final syllable of the word. • Its nouns are exclusively MASCULINE or NEUTER. • The neuter nouns will have a nominative singular ending “-um” • The genitive singular ending is “-ī” Summary of Endings: Sing. Pl. -um -a -ī -ōrum -ō -īs -um -a -ō -īs dōnum, -ī, nt. NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. SING. dōnum dōnī dōnō dōnum dōnō PL. dōna dōnōrum dōnīs dōna dōnīs Note: The two RULES for NEUTER NOUNS: The nominative and accusative forms of neuter nouns are identical. The nom. andacc. plural forms of neuter nouns always end “-a”

  6. Nouns – 3rd Declension - Masc./Fem. • The THIRD DECLENSION uses the thematic vowel “e”, though the stems usually end in consonants, so it is properly the “consonant-stem declension.” • Its nouns can be MASCULINE, FEMININE,or NEUTER. • The nominative singular forms of its nouns vary widely, meaning you must memorize them and carefully memorize the gender of each noun. • The genitive singular ending is “-is” rēx, rēgis, m. NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. SING. rēx rēgis rēgī rēgem rēge PL. rēgēs rēgum rēgibus rēgēs rēgibus Summary of Endings: Sing. Pl. Ø/-s -ēs -is -um -ī -ibus -em -ēs -e -ibus virtūs, virtūtis, f. NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. SING. virtūs virtūtis virtūtī virtūtem virtūte PL. virtūtēs virtūtum virtūtibus virtūtēs virtūtibus

  7. Nouns – 3rd Declension - Neuter • The THIRD DECLENSION uses the thematic vowel “e”, though the stems usually end in consonants, so it is properly the “consonant-stem declension.” • Its nouns can be MASCULINE, FEMININE,or NEUTER. • The nominative singular forms of its nouns vary widely, meaning you must memorize them and carefully memorize the gender of each noun. • The genitive singular ending is “-is” Summary of Endings: Sing. Pl. Ø -a -is -um -ī -ibus Ø -a -e -ibus corpus, -oris, nt. NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. SING. corpus corporis corporī corpus corpore PL. corpora corporum corporibus corpora corporibus Note: The two RULES for NEUTER NOUNS: The nominative and accusative forms of neuter nouns are identical. The nom. andacc. plural forms of neuter nouns always end “-a”

  8. A Few Remarks on the Nominative Singular of the 3rd Declension: • The nom. sing. ending of 3rd declension masc. and fem. nouns is usually an “s” attached directly to the base of the noun. This “s” will often combine the final consonant of the noun’s base and various (but expected) sound changes will occur: • ex: rēg/s > rēx, virtūt/s > virtūs (try saying these out loud) • A few 3rd declension masc. and fem. nouns demonstrate a “Zero” marker for the nom. sing., meaning nothing was added to the base (usually because the “s” conflicted with the final base consonants), though this may also result in the loss of final consonants: • ex: ration/Ø > ratio • The neuter nouns of the 3rd declension almost without fail utilize a “Zero” marker for the nom. sing., though this is not always clear until you take into account vowel weakening and rhotacism(see the verb review from last week). • ex: corpos/Ø > corpus (weakening) • cf. gen.: corpos/is > corporis(rhotacism)

  9. Nouns – 3rd Declension “i” Stems- Masc./Fem. • There is a subset of the THIRD DECLENSION which is built upon the thematic vowel “i,” which leads to a large amount of correspondence in forms to the consonant stem nouns. • The masculine and feminine nouns of the 3rd “i” Stem declension only differ from the regular 3rd declension in the genitive plural, which is “-ium” instead of the usual “-um” • The genitive singular ending is still “-is” Summary of Endings: Sing. Pl. -s -ēs -is -ium -ī -ibus -em -ēs -e -ibus cīvis, cīvis, m. NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. SING. cīvis cīvis cīvī cīvem cīve PL. cīvēs cīvium cīvibus cīvēs cīvibus urbs, urbis, f. NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. SING. urbs urbis urbī urbem urbe PL. urbēs urbium urbibus urbēs urbibus

  10. Nouns – 3rd Declension “i” Stems - Neuter • There is a subset of the THIRD DECLENSION which is built upon the thematic vowel “i”. • The neuter nouns of the 3rd “i” Stem declension differ from the regular 3rd declensionneuters in the ablative singular (“-i” not “-e”), the nominative and accusative plural (“-ia” not “-a”) and the genitive plural (“-ium” not “-um”) • The genitive singular ending is still “-is” Summary of Endings: Sing. Pl. Ø -ia -is -ium -ī -ibus Ø -ia -ī -ibus mare, maris, nt. NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. SING. mare maris marī mare marī PL. maria marium maribus maria maribus Note: The two RULES for NEUTER NOUNS: The nominative and accusative forms of neuter nouns are identical. The nom. andacc. plural forms of neuter nouns always end “-a”

  11. Nouns – 4th Declension - Masc./Fem. • The FOURTH DECLENSION is built upon the thematic vowel “u”. • Its nouns are mainly MASCULINE,but there are a few FEMININE and NEUTER. • The nominative singular ending of the masculine and feminine nouns is “-us” • The genitive singular ending is “-ūs”, which will help you distinguish these from 2nd declension nouns. frūctus, frūctūs, m. NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. SING. frūctus frūctūs frūctuī frūctum frūctū PL. frūctūs frūctuum frūctibus frūctūs frūctibus Summary of Endings: Sing. Pl. -us -ūs -ūs -uum -uī -ibus -um -ūs -ū -ibus manus, manūs, f. NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. SING. manus manūs manuī manum manū PL. manūs manuum manibus manūs manibus

  12. Nouns – 4th Declension - Neuter • The FOURTH DECLENSION is built upon the thematic vowel “ū”. • Its nouns are mainly MASCULINE,but there are a few FEMININE and NEUTER. The NEUTER 4th declension nouns are rare and slightly irregular. • The nominative singular ending of the neuter nouns is “-ū” • The genitive singular ending is “-ūs”. Summary of Endings: Sing. Pl. -ū -ua -ūs -uum -ū -ibus -ū -ua -ū -ibus cornū, -ūs, nt. NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. SING. cornū cornūs cornū cornū cornū PL. cornua cornuum cornibus cornua cornibus Note: The two RULES for NEUTER NOUNS: The nominative and accusative forms of neuter nouns are identical. The nom. andacc. plural forms of neuter nouns always end “-a”

  13. Nouns – 5th Declension - Fem./Masc. • The FIFTH DECLENSION is built upon the thematic vowel “ē”. • Its nouns are ALL FEMININE, except for one important MASCULINE: diēs. • The nominative singular ending for all 5th declension nouns is “-ēs” • The genitive singular ending is “-ēī” or “-eī” if the “e” is preceded by a consonant. rēs, reī, f. NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. SING. rēs reī reī rem rē PL. rēs rērum rēbus rēs rēbus Summary of Endings: Sing. Pl. -ēs -ēs -ēī/-eī -ērum -ēī/-eī -ēbus -em -ēs -ē -ēbus diēs, diēī, m. NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. SING. diēs diēī diēī diem diē PL. diēs diērum diēbus diēs diēbus

  14. Adjectives • In Latin, adjectives have the same 3 characteristics that nouns have: gender, number, and case. • Latin adjectives also decline (take certain endings) like nouns to exhibit their gender, number, and case. • Unlike nouns, however, there are only 2declensions of Latin adjectives, each of which follows its own pattern of endings: 1st/2nd (2-1-2) or 3rd • An adjective will always AGREE with the noun it modifies in gender, number, and case. NOTE: while an adj. agrees with its noun in GNC, the actual endings may differ, if it is paired with a noun from another declension. • You must recognize which declension an adjective belongs to in order to be able to identify its formcorrectly. • Adjectives are regularly listed as follows: masc. nom. sing., fem. nom. sing., neut. nom. sing. • Be sure to check the fem. nom. sing. form to find the stem for each adjective; simply remove the fem. nom. sing. ending to find the stem.

  15. Adjectives – 1st/2nd Declension – “2-1-2”s • The FIRST/SECOND DECLENSION adjectives mirror the endings of the 1st declension feminine nouns and the 2nd declension masculine and neuter nouns. • The nominative singular endings follow one of two patterns: “-us”, “-a”, “-um” and “-er”, “-a”, “-um” bellus, -a, -um (sing.) NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. (plur.) NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. Masc. bellus bellī bellō bellum bellō bellī bellōrum bellīs bellōs bellīs Fem. bella bellae bellae bellam bellā bellae bellārum bellīs bellās bellīs Neut. bellum bellī bellō bellum bellō bella bellōrum bellīs bella bellīs Summary of Endings: -us / -a / -um -ī / -ae / -ī -ō / -ae / -ō -um /-am/-um -ō / -ā / -ō -ī / -ae / -a -ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum -īs / -īs / -īs -ōs / -ās / -a -īs / -īs / -īs

  16. Adjectives – 1st/2nd Declension – “-er” Adjs. • The “-er” adjectives of the 1st/2nd declension either contract in their stem: (pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum) or do not contract: (līber, lībera, līberum) • You will need to examine the fem. nom. sing.to determine whether the stem contracts. līber, -era, -erum (sing.) NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. (plur.) NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. Masc. līber līberī līberō līberum līberō līberī līberōrum līberīs līberōs līberīs Fem. lībera līberae līberae līberam līberā līberae līberārum līberīs līberās līberīs Neut. līberum līberī līberō līberum līberō lībera līberōrum līberīs lībera līberīs Summary of Endings: -er / -a / -um -ī / -ae / -ī -ō / -ae / -ō -um /-am/-um -ō / -ā / -ō -ī / -ae / -a -ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum -īs / -īs / -īs -ōs / -ās / -a -īs / -īs / -īs

  17. Adjectives – 1st/2nd Declension – “-er” Adjs. • The “-er” adjectives of the 1st/2nd declension either contract in their stem: (pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum) or do not contract: (līber, lībera, līberum) • You will need to examine the fem. nom. sing.to determine whether the stem contracts. pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum (sing.) NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. (plur.) NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. Masc. pulcher pulchrī pulchrō pulchrum pulchrō pulchrī pulchrōrum pulchrīs pulchrōs pulchrīs Fem. pulchra pulchrae pulchrae pulchram pulchrā pulchrae pulchrārum pulchrīs pulchrās pulchrīs Neut. pulchrum pulchrī pulchrō pulchrum pulchrō pulchra pulchrōrum pulchrīs pulchra pulchrīs Summary of Endings: -er / -a / -rum -ī / -ae / -ī -ō / -ae / -ō -um /-am/-um -ō / -ā / -ō -ī / -ae / -a -ōrum /-ārum /-ōrum -īs / -īs / -īs -ōs / -ās / -a -īs / -īs / -īs

  18. Adjectives – 3rd Declension • All adjectives of the 3rd declension are i-stems! • There are, however, three different types of 3rd declension adjectives, depending on the number of nom. sing. endings they exhibit. • “3-Termination” adjectives have 3 separate nom. sing. endings, one for each gender: e.g. – ācer(m.), ācris(f.), ācre(nt.) • “2-Termination” adjectives have 2 separate nom. sing. endings, one for masc./fem. and one for neut.: e.g. – fortis(m./f.), forte (nt.) • “1-Termination” adjectives have just one nom. sing. ending for all three genders: e.g. – potēns(m./f./nt.), potentis(gen. sing.) • NOTE: The 1-Terminationadjectives will list their gen. sing. as the second dictionary entry-it is important that you memorize this as it will show you the stem of the adj. • As always, be sure to check the fem. nom. sing. formto find the stem for each adjective; simply remove the fem. nom. sing. ending to find the stem. (for the 1-Termin. adjs., remove the gen. sing. ending to find the stem)

  19. Adjectives – 3rd Declension – 3 Termination • The 3-Terminationadjectives of the THIRD DECLENSION adjectives mirror the endings of 3rd declension i-stem nouns. • As with 3rd decl. nouns, the nominative singular endings are difficult to predict, so memorize them carefully. ācer, ācris, ācre (sing.) NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. (plur.) NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. Masc. ācer ācris ācrī ācrem ācrī ācrēs ācrium ācribus ācrēs ācribus Fem. ācris ācris ācrī ācrem ācrī ācrēs ācrium ācribus ācrēs ācribus Neut. ācre ācris ācrī ācre ācrī ācria ācrium ācribus ācria ācribus Summary of Endings: Ø / -s / Ø -is / -is / -is -ī / -ī / -ī -em / -em / Ø -ī / -ī / -ī -ēs / -ēs / -ia -ium /-ium /-ium -ibus /-ibus /-ibus -ēs / -ēs / -ia -ibus /-ibus /-ibus

  20. Adjectives – 3rd Declension – 2 Termination • The 2-Terminationadjectives of the THIRD DECLENSION adjectives mirror the endings of 3rd declension i-stem nouns. • As with 3rd decl. nouns, the nominative singular endings are difficult to predict, so memorize them carefully. fortis, forte (sing.) NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. (plur.) NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. Masc./Fem. fortis fortis fortī fortem fortī fortēs fortium fortibus fortēs fortibus Neut. forte fortis fortī forte fortī fortia fortium fortibus fortia fortibus Summary of Endings: -s / Ø -is / -is -ī / -ī -em / Ø -ī / -ī -ēs / -ia -ium /-ium -ibus /-ibus -ēs / -ia -ibus /-ibus

  21. Adjectives – 3rd Declension – 1 Termination • The 1-Terminationadjectives of the THIRD DECLENSION adjectives mirror the endings of 3rd declension i-stem nouns. • NOTE: While there is a single nom. sing. ending for all 3 genders, the acc. sing. and nom./acc. pl. endings still differ between masc./fem. and neut. potēns, potentis (sing.) NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. (plur.) NOM. GEN. DAT. ACC. ABL. Masc./Fem. potēns potentis potentī potentem potentī potentēs potentium potentibus potentēs potentibus Neut. potēns potentis potentī potēns potentī potentia potentium potentibus potentia potentibus Summary of Endings: Ø -is / -is -ī / -ī -em / Ø -ī / -ī -ēs / -ia -ium /-ium -ibus /-ibus -ēs / -ia -ibus /-ibus

  22. Tips and Tricks for Memorizing Nouns and Adj. • Now that you’ve worked your way through the PowerPoint, here are a few tricks to keep in mind when studying Latin nouns and adjectives: • Note similarities across all the declensions! (e.g. – “vowel + m” for the acc. sing. of any masc./fem. noun in any declension; “vowel + s” for acc. pl. of any masc./fem. noun in any decl.; dat./abl. pl. always identical in any given decl.; “-ibus” as dat./abl. pl. in 3rd-5th declensions) – Wheelock p. 446 has a great chart that allows you to compare across all declensions • Remember the 2 Rules for Neuter Nouns! (nom. + acc. are always the same; nom. + acc. pl. always end in “a”) • For memorizing the genders of nouns, try reviewing that noun with a 2-1-2 adjective attached to show the gender easily: e.g. – paxRomana, pulchrum corpus, bonus rex, etc. • As you use the online Noun/Adj. declension pair boxes to practice, try to mix up nouns and adjectives from different declensions to create the most variety.

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