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English is not French : 1. GRAMMAR

English is not French : 1. GRAMMAR. English Grammar ≠ French Grammar. Le crayon noir de ton vieil oncle est perdu La plume noire de ta vieille tante est perdue. English Grammar ≠ French Grammar. Le crayon noir de mon vieil oncle est perdu

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English is not French : 1. GRAMMAR

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  1. English is not French :1. GRAMMAR

  2. English Grammar ≠ French Grammar Le crayon noir de ton vieil oncle est perdu La plume noire de ta vieille tante est perdue

  3. English Grammar ≠ French Grammar Le crayon noir de mon vieil oncle est perdu La plume noire de ma vieille tante est perdue My old uncle’s black pencil is lost My old aunt’s black pen is lost In E., only the content words have changed. Not the articles or the endings.

  4. Le crayon noir de mon vieil oncle est perdu La plume noire de ma vieille tante est perdue French substantives have gender (masculine / feminine)

  5. How about English ? No contrast masculine / feminine for common nouns : Le crayon The pencil La plume The pen Un crayon A pencil Une plume A pen Un oncle An uncle Une tante An aunt A becomes An before a vowel

  6. How about English ? But the contrast masculine / feminine exists for gendered beings (in the singular) : Le garçon ... il The boy ... He / his La fille ... elle The girl ... She / her Le crayon ... il The pencil ... It / its La plume ... elle The pen ... It / its The boys / girls / pencils / pens ... They / their

  7. How about English ? No gender markers in the plural ! The boys ... they The girls ... they The drinks ... they also : Everybody ... they and even : Somebody / someone .... they / them / their Nobody / no one ... they / them / their

  8. Le crayon noir de ton vieil oncle est perdu La plume noire de ta vieille tante est perdue Les crayons noirs Les plumes noires French adjectives agree with the nouns they qualify (gender and number)

  9. How about English ? English adjectives do not agree with the nouns they qualify : Un grand homme A tall man Une grande femme A tall woman Les beaux arbres The beautiful trees Les belles maisons The beautiful houses

  10. How about English ? English adjectives do not agree with the nouns they qualify : Le livre est bonThe book is good Les biscuits sont bonsThe biscuits are good La pomme est bonneThe apple is good Les tasses sont bonnesThe cups are good

  11. However ... The French « beaucoup de ...» is invariable (does not change), but the English « much » and « many » change with the number of the noun : Il n’a pas beaucoup d’argent, .... He doesn’t have much (a lot of) money, ... mais il a beaucoup d’amis. but he has many (a lot of) friends !

  12. English vs. French Le crayon noir de monvieiloncle est perdu La plume noire de mavieilletante est perdue Frenchpossessives behave like adjectives : they agree with the noun they qualify. English possessivesdo not : they agree with the possessor

  13. How about English ? English possessives agree with the possessor : Il a vu son père He saw his father Il a vu sa mère He saw his mother Elle a vu son père She saw her father Elle a vu sa mère She saw her mother We saw our mother You saw your father They saw their father

  14. English vs. French Le crayon noir de ton vieil oncle est perdu La plume noire de ta vieille tante est perdue Fr. past participles behave like adjectives : They agree with the noun they qualify

  15. How about English ? Englishpast participles do not agree with the nouns they qualify : L’homme que j’ai vu La femme que j’ai vue Les hommes que j’ai vus Les femmes que j’ai vues The man / woman / men / women / I’ve seen

  16. No word endings in English ? It is true that (in contrast to Latin or German) nouns (substantives) do not change according to their grammatical status (subject or object) : The boy loves the girl The girl loves the boy

  17. No word endings in English ? Amo Amas Amat Amamus Amatis Amant J’aime Tu aimes Il/elle aime Nous aimons Vous aimez Ils aiment I love You love He / she loves We love You love They love I am You are He / she is We are You are They are It is true that verbal endings are much simpler, and fewer, in English than in Latin or French :

  18. No word endings in English ? Yes there are ! - s -ed -ing

  19. No word endings in English ? Yes there are ! - s -ed -ing

  20. No word endings in English ? - S : 1. Plural - S 2. 3rd. Person - S 3. Genitive ’S 4. ’S = is, has

  21. S :one morph, three phonemes one book, two books [s] one bed, two beds [z] one tree, two trees [z] one house, two houses [Iz] one witch, two witches [Iz]

  22. Careful !!! (1) We need a plural - S after One of the (...) + noun : One of the best players in the world One of his worst performances One of my favourite books One of your dirty tricks One of her close friends is an astronaut etc.

  23. - S :3rd. Person -S He works, she sits, ... [s] He begs, she digs, ... [z] He plays, she sees, [z] He kisses, she watches, [Iz]

  24. Subject / verb agreement In French, « il y a ... » is invariable : Il y a un chat sur le paillasson Il y a deux chats dans la maison In English, « there is / are » agrees with the « real » subject that follows : There is a cat on the mat There aretwo catsin the house NOT : They are ... (= ils sont)

  25. Careful !!! (2) It’s = it is, it has (it’s now or never) Its = possessive (the dog bit its master) Who’s = who is, who has (Who’s the owner of this car ?) (Who’s never been to Antwerp ?) Whose = relative pronoun (The girl whose dog bit the postman)

  26. No word endings in English ? Yes there are ! - s -ed -ing

  27. - edforms the simple past and the past participle of regular verbs. Here also, there are three pronunciations : Worked [t] Loved [d] Played [d] Wanted [Id] Mended [Id] Naked, Crooked [Id]

  28. No word endings in English ? Yes there are ! - s -ed -ing

  29. -ing The ending -ing is used to form the present participle and the gerund of regular verbs. The present participle is used in the « progressive » verbal form : I am teaching You are learning He / She / It is standing

  30. -ing The ending -ing is used to form the present participle and the gerund of regular verbs. The gerund is an -ing verbal form used as a substantive : There will be some dancingtonight, but no drinkingafter midnight. No parking here (« a parking » ≠ Engl.) Studyingat the ULB is fun.

  31. No word endings in English ? The form of personal pronouns changes according to their function (« case ») : SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE I ME MY, MINE YOU YOU YOUR, YOURS HE HIM HIS SHE HER HER, HERS IT IT ITS (NOT IT’S) WE US OUR, OURS THEY THEM THEIR, THEIRS

  32. While we’re talking about pronouns ... NOTE THAT THE ENGLISH « YOU » IS BOTH SINGULAR AND PLURAL IS BOTH FAMILIAR AND POLITE SO IS BOTH « TU » AND « VOUS »

  33. NOTE THAT THE FRENCH «ON» WILL BE RENDERED IN DIFFERENT WAYS IN ENGLISH : Alors, on ne dit même pas merci ? Won’t you even say thank you ? On a encore une fois ouvert la rue. They have broken up the street again ! Chez nous, Monsieur, on ne jure pas. We don’t swear here at home, Sir. On m’a volé mon portefeuille My wallet has been stolen. On ne parle pas ainsi aux dames. One does not talk to ladies like that. Au Moyen Âge on brûlait des sorcières In the Middle Ages witches were burnt alive. En Amérique on parle anglais In America, they speak English / E. Is spoken.

  34. No word endings in English ? Amo Amas Amat Amamus Amatis Amant J’aime Tu aimes Il/elle aime Nous aimons Vous aimez Ils aiment I love You love He / she loves We love You love They love I am You are He / she is We are You are They are It is true that verbal endings are much simpler in Eng. than in Latin or French :

  35. Verbal endings are much simpler in English than in Latin or French, But English conjugation can be complex : Word order is important (patterns) Not all verbs behave in the same way (AV/NAV) (especially negation / interrogation) Some verbs are irregular The VP has its own internal structure Complementation is not the same as in French (verb + inf., verb + that ..., verb + -ing)

  36. Word order is important (patterns) The dog chased the man The man chased the dog Youare my best student Areyou my best student ? She gave the officera medal. She gave a medal to the officer.

  37. Word order is important (patterns) SV We exist. It is raining. SVCs She is a nurse. You are getting fat. SVAC They live in Brussels. She is there. SVO He caught a cold. She paid for the drinks. SVOO We sent him an invitation I explained the text to them SVOC He painted the door green They provided the refugees with blankets SVOAC He put the book on the table

  38. But word order may differ : I saw the dog / I saw it J’ai vu le chien / je l’ai vu

  39. All these patterns start with SV. SV agreement is simple, but important : SV SVCs SVAC SVO SVOO SVOC SVOAC The dog barks / The dogs bark 1. Word order is important (patterns) There is a fly in my soup / There are two flies in my soup

  40. 2. Not all verbs behave in the same way (AV/NAV) (especially negation / interrogation)

  41. Some verbs are irregular REGULAR I work / she works I worked / she worked I have worked / she has worked IRREGULAR I sing / she sings I sang / she sang I have sung / she has sung

  42. Aux (can, may, must ..., shall/will, do) + [to] + inf. Have + past participle Be + present participle Be + past participle (A+B) He must have studied to succeed (A+C) Someone may be watching (A+D) The doctor must be called at once (B+C) They have been tapping our phone (B+D) The flat has been decorated by Terry (C+D) The book is being republished (A+B+C) He should have been working for you (A+B+D) The hostages may have been released (A+B+C+D) She may have been being harassed 4. The VP has its own internal structure :A VP can contain several auxiliaries, but their order is fixed.

  43. 5. Complementation is not the same as in French (verb + inf., verb + that ..., verb + -ing, etc.) « Je veux que tu viennes avec moi » * I want that you come with me

  44. 5. Complementation is not the same as in French (verb + inf., verb + that ..., verb + -ing, etc.) « Je veux que tu viennes avec moi » * I want that you come with me I want you to come with me

  45. Complementation is not the same as in French (verb + inf., verb + that ..., verb + -ing, etc.) « Arrête de bouger ! » * Stop to move ! Stop moving !

  46. 5. Complementation is not the same as in French (verb + inf., verb + that ..., verb + -ing, etc.) I remember kissing my wife for the first time remember + ing: retrospective I must remember to buy some bread today remember + to + inf.: prospective

  47. 5. Complementation is not the same as in French Prepositional verbs in French may be non-prepositional in English, and vice versa : Resist temptation Answer a question Survive an accident Résister à ... Répondre à ... Survivre à ... Look at the clouds Wait for the bus Listen to the radio Regarder les nuages Attendre le bus Ecouter la radio

  48. « I eat an apple » (every day) English verbs have different aspects : a) simple and progressive : « Je mange une pomme » « I am eating an apple » (here and now)

  49. The Progressive (be + present participle) • Dynamic not « a permanent state » = « makes a difference » SHORT DRY WET TALL « he is growing » « it is raining »

  50. The Progressive 2. Temporary validity = 100 % true at the time of speaking 100 % 0 % NOW

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