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Scandinavian Women

Scandinavian Women. Gender Studies Stereotypes. Stereotypes / Looks. Stereotypes / Health. WHO 1996 physical health survey Scandinavian Countries at the top of the list Exercise / Sports Diet Fashion. Exercise / Sport. P.E. in schools from K-12 Sports clubs Regular exercise

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Scandinavian Women

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  1. Scandinavian Women • Gender Studies • Stereotypes

  2. Stereotypes / Looks

  3. Stereotypes / Health • WHO 1996 physical health survey • Scandinavian Countries at the top of the list • Exercise / Sports • Diet • Fashion

  4. Exercise / Sport • P.E. in schools from K-12 • Sports clubs • Regular exercise • Sports: soccer, badminton, team-handball, volleyball, tennis, basketball

  5. Diet • Awareness of healthy food • Pork / poultry / fish • Changing eating habits with US influence • Growing number of overweight adults and children • Lower rate of obesity than U.S.

  6. Rugbrød (Rye – Bread) • Heavy Bread with lots of grain form the basis of the Scandinavian diet

  7. The skinny, the young, the healthy Fashion – for:

  8. Fashion - Weddings

  9. Liberal / Promiscuous ? • Tidens Kvinder: Women of our Time • Target group: (men and) women from 18-40 years • Number of readers: 187,000 • Published every other month • ”Erotic magazine for women. Contains everything about the joys of eroticism for those who love to make love and want new inspiration. Articles, short stories and suggestions for a better sex life.”

  10. Pornography • In Denmark, written pornography was legalized in 1967 • Picture pornography in 1969 • Prostitution is not legal (Holland, Nebraska) • Sex-trade

  11. Sexuality / Morality Feud • 1880’s, heated debate about sex • ”The Big Nordic War about sexual morals” • Authors, suffragettes, intellectuals • Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson • Georg Brandes • Industrialization and Modernity

  12. Marriage and the family - sexuality for procreation • The daughters of the bourgeoisie: wives and mothers • The sons: active and outgoing breadwinners

  13. Women had no sexual urges. • Sexual behavior = mentally deranged • Men had strong and natural sexual urges which must be satisfied • Prostitution, which was tacitly accepted

  14. Albertine, 1884 • 1863: Law about police supervision of prostitutes • 1874: Law about curbing STD’s (primarily incurable syphilis) • Legalized prostitution, registration of the prostitutes, and weekly medical examinations • Women and Christian circles violently opposed this double standard

  15. Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson 1832-1910 • BB wrote ”A Glove” in 1883, promoting celibacy for both men and women • Responses: • Women’s Associations: healthy and wholesome • Realists / Naturalists: sexual freedom for both sexes

  16. ’The Feud’ gradually died out, but women started advocating different forms of freedom: Gymnastics, 1909

  17. Bicycling, 1890

  18. Reformdress, 1907

  19. No corset, no bustle, loose skirts, pants underneath = mobility, 1909

  20. Suffrage = the right to vote • Finland 1906 • Norway 1913 • Denmark 1915 • The UK 1918 • Sweden and Iceland 1919 • The USA 1920

  21. Suffragettes • Inspired by the British movement led by Emmiline and Christobel Pankhurst • And the US movement led by Susan B. Anthony

  22. Elna Munch in the Danish Parliament, 1918

  23. Women entered many new fields, 1929

  24. The World Wars • Scandinavian countries did not participate on a grand scale • But women started working – here 1928

  25. Jobs Nurses 1938 • Women have always held most of the nurturing jobs

  26. Operator 1940’s • But more and more jobs were opened to women • And women had to make ends meet

  27. And finally cars became available after WWII

  28. But most women still had their feet on the ground and worked long hours in hard jobs

  29. Modern Times • Feminist Revolution • Equal Rights • Body Image • Abortion / Reproductive Rights • The ”Soft” Man • Equal Pay

  30. Rødstrømper (Red Stockings) • Grassroot movement • Established 1970 • Traditional women’s roles • Young and old, housewives and career women

  31. Ø-lejre (Island-camps) Femø 1971 • 1960’s and 1970’s • Discussion of roles • No men and boys over 12 • Collective living and sharing of duties and enjoyment • Involvement of local women

  32. Equal Rights • Demonstrations • Paying 80% of bus tickets • Few women getting a higher education • Few women in leading positions • Few women in politics • Women working outside and in the home

  33. Body Image • Commercialized images of women • Bra burning • Nudity was promoted on the beaches • Make-up was regarded with contempt

  34. Reproductive Rights • Sexual experimentation • Communal living and sharing • Free medical services • Easy access to contraception

  35. Abortion • Abortion legalized in Jan. 1973 (US Dec. 1972) • Not challenged • Sexual education in schools • Number of abortions going down • Morning-after pill

  36. The ”Soft” Man • The 1970’s saw the rise of male groups • Attempting to raise awareness • Redefinition of roles • ”The oppressed can’t teach the oppressor how not to oppress”

  37. Equal Pay • Equal pay for equal work instituted in 1919, but didn’t materialize • Norway: 1959 • Sweden: 1960 • Denmark: 1973 • Women still paid less than men! • No sex discrimination in job postings

  38. Right Now • Ideology and Welfare • Everyday Life • The importance of women • Pre-natal and post-natal care • Leave of absence • The father’s role • Sick leave • Vacations • Childcare

  39. Ideology, Welfare, and Everyday Life • Welfare state needs tax-payers • Women are important • Two incomes attractive • Volunteer work • Wages are higher, but so are taxes and prices

  40. Pre-natal and post-natal care • Maternity leave • 1974: 16 weeks • 1991: 8 months • 2003: 1 year • Full pay • Guaranteed job on return • Regular check-ups • Free hospital care • Free visiting nurses

  41. The father gets 2 weeks paid paternity leave The mother and father can divide 32 weeks Leave of absence / The father’s role

  42. Sick Leave and Vacation • Public sector: fired after 120 days of consecutive illness • Parents take off the first day a child is ill • Mininum of 6 weeks paid vacation in a year. Some have more. • Charter trips to the south

  43. Childcare • Nurseries and daycare; 6mths- 3 years: $280-350/mth • Kindergarten 3-6 yrs: $210/mth • Kindergarten-class 6-7 years: free • After school activities: $150/mth • Very affordable

  44. Education • A majority of women in high school (51%) • A majority of women in Universities • A majority of women in the sciences • But fewer women in ph.D and research programs

  45. Professions for Women • Many ’nurturing’ jobs: • Caregivers / Nurses • Doctors • Dentists • Midwives • Education • Male dominance in engineering, technology, physics, chemistry and math

  46. Private Sector Top Managers: Men = 96 % Women = 4% Public Sector Top Managers: Men = 82% Women = 18% Career Opportunities

  47. Affirmative Action • Instituted in the 70’s • Ministry for the Equality of the Sexes • Advertisements and job postings must be addressed to both genders • Age- and ethnic discrimination is illegal • The State Ombud (Ombudsmand) can decide cases

  48. Politics: Percentage of women candidates (RED) elected to the Danish Parliament

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