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Computer Organization & Assembly Language. University of Sargodha, Lahore Campus Prepared by Ali Saeed. Introduction. What is Computer Organization & Assembly Language BOOK: Assembly Language Programming and Organization of the IBM PC by Ytha Yu . The Components of Microprocessor Systems .
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Computer Organization & Assembly Language University of Sargodha, Lahore Campus Prepared by Ali Saeed
Introduction • What is Computer Organization & Assembly Language • BOOK: Assembly Language Programming and Organization of the IBM PC by Ytha Yu
The Components of Microprocessor Systems • A typical Microcomputer System consist of • System Unit • Keyboard • Display Screen • Disk Drives • System Unit often referred as ‘The Computer’ • Keyboard, Display Screen, and Disk Drivers are called i/o Devices or Peripheral Devices, or simple Peripherals.
The Components of Microprocessor Systems • Integrated Circuit (IC) chips are used to construct computer circuits • Each IC may contain hundreds or thousand of transistors • These IC are called digital circuits • It work on discrete levels of voltage • Low voltage represent 0 and high voltage represent voltage 1 • 0 and 1 called binary digits or bits
The Components of Microprocessor Systems • Computer Circuit consist of three parts • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Memory Circuits • I/O Circuits • CPU is single processor chip called microprocessor • CPU is the brain of computer, and it controls all operations • CPU use memory circuits to store information • CPU use I/O circuit to communicate with IO
The Components of Microprocessor Systems • System Unit contain a main board called System board or Mother board • System board contain Microprocessor, memory, expansion slots etc…
Memory(Bytes and Words) • Information process by computer store in the memory • Memory circuits are usually organized into groups that can store 8 bit of data called memory Byte • It is identified by a number called Address • Data stored in memory byte called Contents • No. of contents are 8 bit but address depend on processor
Memory(Bytes and Words) • 8086 processor use 20 bit Address • 80286 processor use 24 bit Address • Two bytes form a word • The lower address of two memory bytes are use
Memory • 1 Byte = 8 Bits 1KB = 1024 Bytes 1MB = 1024KBs 1 GB = 1024 MBs 1TB = 1024Gbs
Memory • 1000 kbitkilobit • 10002 Mbitmegabit • 10003 Gbitgigabit • 10004 Tbitterabit • 10005 Pbitpetabit • 10006 Ebitexabit • 10007 Zbitzettabit • 10008 Ybityottabit
Memory • Bit position is use to read bytes • It starts from right to left • At most right position it starts from 0 • Byte Positions
Memory Operations • Processor can perform to two kinds of operations • Read/ Fetch the contents of a location • Store or write data at location
RAM and ROM • Random Access Memory (RAM) • Program instructions and data normally loaded into RAM • The content of RAM lost, when machine is turned off • Read Only Memory (ROM) • ROM circuit retain their value even when power is off • ROM is used by computer manufacturers to store system programs • These programs are called firmware
Buses • Processor communicate with other components using signals that travel on wires called Bus • There are three kinds of buses • Address Bus • Data Bus • Control Bus
