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TCP/IP Design Overview

TCP/IP Design Overview. objectives. Describe aspects of design relating to TCP/IP networks Understand limitations inherent in IP addressing Distinguish private from public network addressing Describe the purpose of IP subnetting Describe the function of internet routing protocols.

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TCP/IP Design Overview

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  1. TCP/IP Design Overview

  2. objectives • Describe aspects of design relating to TCP/IP networks • Understand limitations inherent in IP addressing • Distinguish private from public network addressing • Describe the purpose of IP subnetting • Describe the function of internet routing protocols

  3. Design Overview • Physical network • Logical network • Every physical network requires at least one logical network number to allow hosts on other networks to locate and identify this segment Logical Network 10.1.0.0 Logical Network 10.2.0.0

  4. IP Addressing • IP addresses are 4-byte logical representations written in dotted-decimal notation • Each address contains a network part and a host part • Public IP addresses are licensed and private IP address ranges are universally available IP address Network Host 10.16.127.104 10. 16.127.104 131.16.82.97 131.16. 82.97 195.31.72.123 195.31.72. 123

  5. IP addresses • 4 classes of IP address • (netid, hostid) pair; 32 bit • Class A : 128 network, 16M hosts • Class B : 64K networks, 64K hosts • Class C : 2M networks, 254 hosts • Class D : multicast (basically not used) • public IP addresses to be assigned by NIC

  6. IP Subnetting • Subnetting involves borrowing bits from the host part to expand the network part • A subnetting policy is locally administered to provide greater traffic control IP address Network Host 10.16.127.104 10. 16 . 127.104 131.16.82.97 131.16. 82 . 97 131.16.82.97 131.16. 82.96 1

  7. Addressing Considerations • Choice of addresses • Public (InterNIC assigned) • Private (RFC 1918/1597) • Address translation • Automatic address assignment • - DHCP/DNS servers • Address organization to support scalable networks • - Address summarization and CIDR blocks

  8. Routing Protocols • Routers are packet switches that forward traffic based on Layer 3 logical addresses • Routing protocol updates are exchanged by routers to learn about paths to other logical networks • Each routing protocol offers features that can make it desirable as part of an internetwork design I know about: I know about: Network A Network X X A Network B Network Y Network C Network Z Routing update B Y Exchanges network knowledge C Z

  9. Types of Routing Protocols • Routing protocols function as • Gateway discovery • Interior routing • Exterior routing • Path determination is based on • Distance vector • Link state • Path modification is based on • Static • Dynamic

  10. Types of Routing protocols • 2 types - distance vector and link vector • distance vector routing protocol, e.g., RIP • each router periodically transmit its routing table to all neigbours, normally every 30s • upon receiving routing table, neighbour routers recalculate their own routing tables • route selected based on the minimum number of hops between 2 routers • create heavy traffic & converge slowly if link fails

  11. Types of Routing protocols (Cont.) • link state routing protocol; e.g. OSPF • based on link state, i.e., status of router interfaces • routers discover neighbours by sending HELLO packets every 10 sec • link state advertisement (LSA) sent when link state changes, i.e.,new router, new route, link failure etc. • small packets; converge quickly on link failure • cost-based; consider distance and bandwidth • better scalability and stability

  12. Routing Considerations • Protocol selection based on conversion complexity • Convergence time and bandwidth consumption • Addressing flexibility (support of VLSM and route summarization) • Open standard vs proprietary • Route redistribution between different protocols

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