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Colourfastness Testing

Colourfastness Testing. Colourfastness to rubbing / crocking. Colorfastness to Crocking. Crocking - A transfer of colorant from the surface of a colored yarn or fabric to another surface or to an adjacent area of the same fabric principally by rubbing.

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Colourfastness Testing

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  1. Colourfastness Testing Colourfastness to rubbing / crocking

  2. Colorfastness to Crocking • Crocking - A transfer of colorant from the surface of a colored yarn or fabric to another surface or to an adjacent area of the same fabric principally by rubbing. • Although a physical process, the primary evaluation is for appearance (color) • Wet and dry evaluation typically performed

  3. Crocking Instruments • Applicable to many textile materials including dye and printed fabrics, carpeting, and automotive interior materials • Manual (for shorter tests) and automatic models available • Linear and rotating motion models • Can be adapted to provide simple abrasion tests for other materials

  4. Crocking : Standard Test Methods • AATCC Test Method 8 - Basic Crockmeter Method • AATCC Test Method 116 - Rotary Vertical • AATCC Test Method 165 - Carpets • ISO 105-D02 - Organic Solvents • ISO 105-X12 - Colorfastness to rubbing • SAE J861 - Organic trim materials • ASTM D5053 - Leather

  5. Colorfastness to Crocking • Crocking finger may need resurfacing • Loose clips • Incorrect mounting • Loops to wire clips positioned downward • Metal base warped Verification checks using the Crockmeter Calibration Cloth are extremely important to avoid incorrect results. Potential problems include:

  6. AATCC Test Method 8 (Basic) • Recommended specimen size 5cm by 13cm • Wet and dry tests are specified • Mount white test cloth with the weave parallel to the direction of rubbing • Run test for 10 complete turns • Evaluate the white test cloth using the Gray Scale for staining

  7. AATCC Test Method 8 (Basic) • For the wet test: • Establish technique for preparing wet crock cloth squares by weighing a conditioned square, then thoroughly wet out a white testing square in distilled water • The wet pick-up should be 65 ± 5% • Use of a hand wringer is recommended • White cloth dried and conditioned prior to evaluation

  8. AATCC Test Method 116 (Rotary Vertical Method) • Method is especially useful for prints where the singling out of areas smaller than possible to test with Method 8 is required • Wet and dry tests specified • 20 complete turns specified • Evaluation performed with the Gray Scale for staining

  9. AATCC Test Method 165 (Carpets) • Testing before/after treatments such as shampooing, steam or hot water extraction, or antistatic/antisoil application has been found useful • Wet and Dry testing specified • Ten complete turns (one per second) specified • Evaluate with Gray Scale for Staining

  10. ISO /DIS105-X12 - 1999 Colour fastness to rubbing • Method suitable for all kinds of textiles • Two alternative sizes of rubbing fingers specified • Cylinder of a 16 mm diameter finger exerting a download force of 9 N • Finger with a rectangular rubbing surface of 19 mm x 25,4 mm (crock block) exerting a download force of 9 N for pile fabrics including textile floor coverings • Suitable apparaturs referring to AATCC TM 8 • Wet and Dry Test specified • Specimen size at least 50 mm x 140 mm

  11. Crockmeter - CM1 • Manual unit recommended for shorter tests • Has cycle counter • Comes standard with 16mm finger and 9 N arm • For wet and dry tests • Cloth, abrasive paper, and spring clip supplied

  12. CM5 Crockmeter • Automatic unit recommended for long/frequent tests • Electrically powered • Count-up timer with automatic shut down • Accessories available

  13. CM6 Crockmeter • Manual unit • Reciprocating rotary motion to meet AATCC Test Method 116 • Can be used for wet and dry testing

  14. Colourfastness Testing Colourfastness to aqueous agencies: • Water,Sea Water, Chlorinated Water - Perspiration

  15. Colorfastness to Aqueous Agencies ISO Standards • ISO 105 E01: Colorfastness to water • ISO 105 E02: Colorfastness to sea water • ISO 105 E04: Colorfastness to perspiration

  16. Colourfastness to Water to ISO 105-E01 • Definition • Resistance of the colour to immersion in water • Procedure • A with “grade 3“ water wetted specimen between two adjacent fabrics and placed between two plates is submitted to a pressure of 12,5 kPa for 4 hours at 37 + 2 °C • Asessment • Change in Colour of the specimen and staining of the adjacend fabrics with the Grey Scales

  17. Colourfastness to Sea Water to ISO 105-E02 • Definition • Resistance of the colour to immersion in sea water • Procedure • A with sodium chloride solution (30 g/l) wetted specimen between two adjacent fabrics and placed between two plates is submitted to a pressure of 12,5 kPa for 4 hours at 37 + 2 °C • Assessment • Change in Colour of the specimen and staining of the adjacend fabrics with the Grey Scales

  18. Colourfastness to Perspiration to ISO 105-E04 • Definition • Resistance of the colour to the action of human perspiration • Procedure • A with acid or alkaline histidine solutions wetted specimen between two adjacent fabrics and placed between two plates is submitted to a pressure of 12,5 kPa for 4 hours at 37 + 2 °C • Assessment • Change in Colour of the specimen and staining of the adjacend fabrics with the Grey Scales

  19. Colorfastness to Perspiration to AATCC • Specimens of colored textiles are wet out in simulated perspiration solution, subjected to a fixed mechanical pressure and allowed to dry slowly at a slightly elevated temperature. • AATCC Test Method 15 -- Perspiration • AATCC Test Method 107 -- Water

  20. Colorfastness to Perspiration • Applicable to dyed, printed or otherwise colored textile fibers, yarns and fabrics • Also applicable to dyestuffs • Acid and alkaline test eliminated after studies done in 1974 • Some international and special end-use still require alkaline test

  21. Colorfastness to Perspiration • Acid Solution (One liter) • 10g sodium chloride • 1g lactic acid, USP 85% • 1g disodium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous (Na2HPO4) • 0.25g histidine monohydrochloride • pH of solution should be 4.3 ± 0.2

  22. Colorfastness to Perspiration • Test specimens placed between plates of the unit with an 8 lb. (3.628kg) weight on top • Total weight under the pressure plate is 10 lbs. (4.54kg) • Evaluate for color change using Gray Scale

  23. AATCC Perspiration Tester(shown with Gray Scale)

  24. Colourfastness to chlorinated water to ISO 105-E03 • Definition • Resistance of the colour to the action of chlorine solutions as used in swimming bath water • Procedure • A specimen is tested in a separate container of 550 + 50 ml volume filled with sodium hypcochorite solution ( 20, 50 or 100 ml active chlorine) rotating in a mechanical device during one hour at 27 + 2 °C • Instrument • The specified mechanical water bath corresponds to devices as used for wash fastness tests • Assessment • Change in colour of the specimen with the Grey Scale

  25. ATLAS Testing Devices Linitest +Launder-Ometer

  26. Colourfastness Testing Contact Heat

  27. ISO Standards • ISO 105 P01 Colour fastness to dry heat • 3 Temperature ranges depending on requirements and the stability of the fibres • ISO 105 X11 Colour fastness to hot pressing • Dry , damp and wet pressing at 3 temperatures described

  28. ISO 105 P01 • Specimen size: 10 cm x 4 cm • Temperatures: 150 , 180 , 210 °C + 2 °C • Testing time: 30 seconds • Presuure specified. 4 + 1 kPa • Evaluate specimens for Coulor Change and Staining • Grey Scale for Assesssing Change in Colour • Grey Scale for assessing Staining

  29. ISO 105 X11 • Dry Pressing – a dry specimen is pressed with a heating device at a specified temperature and time • Damp pressing – a dry specimen is covered with a wet cotton adjacent fabric and pressed with a heating device at a specified temperature and time • Wet pressing – the upper surface of a wet specimen is covered with a wet cotton adjacent fabric and pressed with a heating device at a specified temperature and time

  30. ISO 105 X11 • Specimen size: 10 cm x 4 cm • Temperatures: 110 – 150 – 200 °C + 2°C • Testing time: 30 seconds • Heating device as described in ISO 105 P01, however, heat should be transferred to the specimen on the upper side only • A suitable insulating material is used to to minimize heat transfer to or from the bottom plate

  31. FIXOTEST • Standard Instrument for ISO Test Methods • Compact unit with three independent test stations • Pairs of heating plates independently controllable up to 230 °C • Lower Plates can be switched off to allow heat transfer only from the top

  32. AATCC Test Methods • AATCC Test Method 117 -- (Dry heat) • Various temperature ranges depending on requirements and the stability of the fibers • AATCC Test Method 133 -- (Hot pressing) • Dry, damp, and wet pressing methods described depending on the end use of the textile • Various temperature levels used depending on class of textile tested

  33. AATCC Test Method 117 • Specimen size not specified • Testing time is 30 seconds • Pressure specified is 40 ± 10 g/cm2 • Evaluate specimens for color change using: • Gray Scale for Color Change (Dyed fabrics) • Gray Scale for Staining (Undyed fabrics)

  34. AATCC Test Method 133 • Dry Pressing -- Dry specimen pressed with heating device • Damp Pressing -- Dry specimen covered with wet, undyed cotton cloth, then pressed with heating device • Wet Pressing -- Wet specimen covered with wet, undyed cotton cloth, then pressed with heating device

  35. AATCC Test Method 133 • Specimen size of 12cm by 4cm is recommended • Yarn or thread, knitted to a fabric of above dimensions, is acceptable • Dry, damp, and wet pressing all require 15 seconds of testing • Evaluate using Gray Scale for Color Change

  36. AATCC Test Method 133 • Temperatures specified: • 110 ± 2C • 150 ± 2C • 200 ± 2C • Table I of this test method identifies safe ironing temperatures for most fabrics

  37. Scorch Tester • Used for both Test Methods 117 and 133 • Upper plate hinged for sample removal • Adjustable pressure • Thermostatic control • Pyrometer temperature indicator

  38. Scorch Tester • Scorch Tester used for: • Colorfastness to Dry Heat • Colorfastness to Pressing • Tensile Loss from Chlorination Retention

  39. Tensile Loss Due to Chlorine Retention • AATCC Test Method 92 (Single sample method) • AATCC Test Method 114 (Multiple sample method)

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