FOR 350 Silviculture

1. FOR 350 Silviculture

2. What is silviculture? The art and science of controlling the establishment, composition, structure, and growth of a forest stand to meet the landowners’ objectives on a sustainable basis

3. What is silviculture? The art and science of controlling the establishment, composition, structure, and growth of a forest stand to meet the landowners’ objectives on a sustainable basis. • Three parts to the definition • Manipulative, objective driven, sustainable • Silviculture builds on many other disciplines • Ecology and silvics, physiology, soils, measurements, economics, social science

4. Silviculturists (not silviculturalists) operate in the realm of the biologically possible • Operate under social and economic constraints • Only solutions that are simultaneously biologically possible, economically feasible, and socially acceptable, will be considered appropriate (and sustainable)

5. To know what is biological possible • One must understand how the forest environment influences individual trees and communities they form

6. To know what is biological possible • One must understand how the forest environment influences individual trees and communities they form • Silvics is the study of the biological characteristics of tree species and communities including how: 1) Trees reproduce, establish, and grow 2) Physical environment influences their physiology and character 3) Tree communities influence their physical environment and the interaction between vegetation and physical environment as forests change through time

7. Silviculture Is Objective Driven • Silviculturists affect the direction of stand development, but there is often the reality of ‘you can’t get there from here’

8. Silviculture Is Objective Driven • Silviculturists affect the direction of stand development, but there is often the reality of ‘you can’t get there from here’ • Even if you can get there from here (i.e. biological feasible), you need a roadmap, a start and end point

9. Silviculture Is Objective Driven • Silviculturists affect the direction of stand development, but there is often the reality of ‘you can’t get there from here’ • Even if you can get there from here (i.e. biological feasible), you need a roadmap, a start and end point • Objectives and forest inventory data form basis for road map

10. Silviculture Is Objective Driven • Silviculturists affect the direction of stand development, but there is often the reality of ‘you can’t get there from here’ • Even if you can get there from here (i.e. biological feasible), you need a roadmap, a start and end point • Objectives and forest inventory data form basis for road map • Inventory data gives you the starting point • Objectives define where you are going

11. The Stand • A stand is a contiguous group of trees sufficiently uniform in age or size class distribution, composition, structure, site quality and/or location to be a distinguishable unit. • Silviculture is practiced at the stand level • Forest management is primarily concerned with the forest (or tract), a collection of stands administered as an integrated unit

12. The Silvicultural System • To meet landowner objectives, silviculturists alter the forest environment by manipulating stand structure • Required environment is influenced by: • Species composition • Silvics of desired species and competitors • Stand structure • Age structure • Health and vigor • Potential damaging agents

13. The Silvicultural System • A silvicultural system encompasses everything that is done throughout a rotation • In theory, it is unique for each stand • The systems are named for their respective regeneration methods (e.g., shelterwood system, single-tree selection system) • Naming convention identifies the structural character of a stand

14. The Silvicultural System • Each silvicultural system should: • Sustain ecosystem health and productivity • Improve tree growth and quality • “Optimize” market and non-market benefits • Shorten investment period and contain costs

15. Categories of Silvicultural Systems • Even-aged System A planned sequence of treatments designed to maintain and regenerate a stand with one age class.  The range of tree ages is usually less than 20 percent of the rotation.  • Multiaged Systems Sequence of silvicutlural practices designed to maintain and regenerate two or more age classes in a given stand • Uneven-aged A planned sequence of treatments designed to maintain and regenerate a stand with three or more age classes. • Two-aged A planned sequence of treatments designed to maintain and regenerate a stand with two age classes.

16. An Example: Phases of an Even-Aged System Establishment

17. Phases of an Even-Aged System Intermediate Treatments • Benefits • Reduce density • Improve growth and quality • Favor desired species • Shorten rotation

18. Phases of an Even-Aged System Site Preparation • Benefits • Improve germination, survival, and growth of desired seedlings • Removal of unwanted vegetation and slash

19. Phases of an Even-Aged System Regeneration Methods • Benefits • Create conditions require to establish new stand of desired species

20. The Silvicultural System • Modifications of a silvicultural method • Type: apply different kinds of treatments • e.g., burn vs. herbicide • Intensity: change the intensity of application • e.g., light vs. heavy thinning • Timing: alter timing of application • e.g., winter vs. summer burn • Sequence: change the sequence of treatments over time • e.g. control vines before or following harvest

21. The Silvicultural System • Method of choice for stand depends on: • Nature and requirements of an ownership (i.e., landowner objectives) • Stand character and condition • Site quality • Species silvics • Range of treatments available for use • Accessibility and terrain • Type of and proximity to forest products markets

22. The Silvicultural System • Modifications often implemented for non-timber considerations: • Size and distribution of regeneration area • Rotation length • Density, species, and condition of residual trees • Seed production • Light availability • Habitat structure • Species “life-boating” • Coarse woody debris retention • Best Management Practices (BMPs) relating to soil and water quality