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Lingua Francas, Pidgins and Creoles

Lingua Francas, Pidgins and Creoles. Lingua Franca. Pidgins and creoles arise from a basic need that people who speak different languages have to find a common system of communication >>>>>lingua franca

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Lingua Francas, Pidgins and Creoles

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  1. Lingua Francas, Pidgins and Creoles

  2. Lingua Franca Pidgins and creoles arise from a basic need that people who speak different languages have to find a common system of communication >>>>>lingua franca Also known as : a trade language, contact language, international language, and auxiliary language. Example, Esperanto in Europe >>> not successful English today >>> used in travel and trade

  3. Pidgin A pidgin is regarded as a reduced variety of a normal language, with simplification of the grammar and the vocabulary of that language, considerable phonological variation, and an admixture of local vocabulary to meet the special needs of the contact group. A pidgin is a language with no native speakers. WHY? it is no one’s first language but is a contact language that has been developed over time and contact between two languages.

  4. Creoles In contrast to a pidgin, a creole is often defined as a pidgin that has become the first language of a new generation of speakers. ‘creoles arise when pidgins become mother tongues’. It is a normal language in almost every sense.

  5. Unlike many ‘fully fledged’ languages, lingua francas, pidgins and creoles were neglected and have often been regarded as being of little value or interest by linguists throughout history. Neglected, ignored HOW? In the circumstances of their origins In the attitudes towards them >>>> especially the speakers of one of the languages from which they derive. In terms of knowledge about them

  6. Although these languages are very important to our understanding of language, and important in the lives of millions of people who speak these languages, their origins and their association with poorer and darker members of a society are the reasons behind the ignorance of these languages.

  7. Pidginization and creolization (the process)See page 59 or 61 (book)

  8. Geographical distribution Distributed usually in places with direct or easy access to the oceans. They are uncommon in the more extreme northern and southern areas of the world and in the interiors of continents.

  9. Linguistic characteristics Homework page 63 – 66 >>>> important

  10. Codes A code refers to any kind of system that two or more people employ for communication. It is easier to refer to a language or a variety of a language as a code rather than dialect, language, style, standard language, pidgin, or creole because code is neutral.

  11. Diglossia A diglossic situation exists in a society when it has two distinct codes which show clear functional separation; that is one code is employed in one set of circumstances and the other in an entirely different set. ( high variety of language H and low variety of language L) Example In Arabic the two varieties are classic Arabic (H) and various regional colloquial varieties (L).

  12. Differences between (H) and (L) varieties 1- The two varieties are kept quite apart in their functions. one is used in one set of circumstances and the other in an entirely different set. H varieties used formally, e.g. political speech, poetry writing, broadcasting the news on radio and television. L varieties used informally, e.g. giving instructions to workers in low prestige occupations, or to household servants.

  13. 2- The H variety is the prestige variety; the L variety lacks prestige. The H variety is more beautiful, logical, and expressive than the L variety. 3- All children learn the L variety. The H variety could also be learned in some kind of formal setting , e.g. in classrooms. ( L variety learned, H variety taught).

  14. 4- The L variety often shows a tendency to borrow learned words from the H variety, particularly when speakers try to use the L variety in more formal ways.

  15. Bilingualism and multilingualism Monolingualism see page 94 or 92 (book) Examples Tukano of the northwest amazon see page 95 or 94 (book) “homework” Bilingual situation in Paraguay See page 96 or 95 (book) “homework”

  16. Code-Switching Definition of a code Code switching Page 99

  17. Why speakers switch from one language to another? Possible answers are Solidarity with listeners, choice of topic, and perceived social and cultural distance.

  18. Types of switching Situational : occurs when the language used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves; they speak one language in one situation and another in a different situation. Metaphorical: a change of the topic requires a change in the language used.

  19. Views on code-switching See pages 104-108-110

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