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REVOLUTION A TOTALLY new way of living:. From. Hunter-Gatherers. to Agriculture. Agricultural Revolution.
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REVOLUTIONA TOTALLY new way of living: From Hunter-Gatherers to Agriculture
Agricultural Revolution • Until the first civilizations, people were nomads. They lived in groups of 20 -30, and spent most of their time hunting and gathering. The men hunted game animals, and the women gathered fruits and berries. • When they learned to cultivate crops and domesticate animals, life radically changed. This is known as the Agricultural Revolution. • Agriculture (crops) led to permanent settlements, the establishment of social classes, and the eventual rise of civilizations. • Because there was enough food (surplus), social class divisions developed, such as farmer, craftsman, and warrior. (Would you need to fight if there’s nothing to gain?)
Agricultural Revolution • When resources became scarce, warfare among villages increased. During war, some men gained stature as great warriors and became leaders in their society. • Priests and warriors were the upper class, while farmers were lower class. (Remember, there were no priests, warriors, or social classes before there was a surplus of food – food surplus changed EVERYTHING.) • New technologies developed in response to the need for better tools and weapons to go along with the new way of living. They developed simple metaltools such as plows, to help with their work. Metal weapons were developed as villages needed to protect their valuable resources.
4 Early River Valley Civilizations Archaeologists believe this is where one of the world’s first civilizations arose. Mesopotamia (today’s Iraq) – is known as the cradle of Civilization.
“The Four Early River Valley Civilizations” • Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) City-States in Mesopotamia PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
City-States in Mesopotamia Mesopotamia means “the land between two rivers – (Tigris and Euphrates Rivers). Because of this region’s shape and the richness of its soil, it is called the Fertile Crescent. SW Asia (the Middle East) Fertile Crescent PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
City-States in Mesopotamia Three Problems: 1. Unpredictable flooding / dry summer months 2. No natural barriers for protection - small villages lying in open plain were defenseless 3. Limited natural resources - stone, wood, metal PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
City-States in Mesopotamia Solutions to the problems: 1. Dug irrigation ditches 2. Built city walls with mud bricks 3. Traded with people around them for the products they lacked. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
City-States in Mesopotamia Government • Each city had its own government / rulers, warriors, • its own patron god, and functioned like an independent country • Examples include Sumerian cities of Ur, Uruk, Kish, Lagesh • At the center of each city was the walled temple with a ziggurat – a massive, tiered, pyramid-shaped structure. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Sumerian Religion Sumerians worshipped many gods, not just one. This belief in many gods is called polytheism. “Poly” means many and “Theism” means gods. Ziggurats were the main temples used to worship the gods of a city. Ziggurats were built in the center of the city. They had steps and ramps, and it was believed that the gods descended to the Earth using the ziggurat as a ladder.
The Ziggurat at Ur was first excavated by British archaeologist Woolley in 1923. The Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities restored its lower stages in the 1980s.
Sumerian Mythology Sumerian myths, or stories, explained people’s beliefs. Sumerians believed that a person must keep the gods happy by going to the ziggurat and praying to them. They believed that the gods would reward them for good service. They also believed that the gods would punish the people who made them angry. ziggurat
City-States in Mesopotamia Powerful priests held much political power in the beginning. Right: “Priest-king," ca. 3300–3000 B.C.; Uruk. Left: Priests intervening between worshipers and gods. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Cultural diffusion is the spread of elements of one culture to another people, generally through trade. Take the spread of writing. Similarities between the pictograms of Egyptian hieroglyphics, Sumerian cuneiform, and the Indus script are striking. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
City-States in Mesopotamia RELIGION Belief in many gods -polytheism God of the clouds / air was Enlil – the most powerful god. (Nearly 3,000 others – with human qualities. The Sumerians viewed their gods as hostile and unpredictable – similar to the natural environment around them.) Marduk, the Dragon god A Sumerian warrior-god, gold figurine, ca. 2,400-2,500 B.C. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
City-States in Mesopotamia SOCIAL STRUCTURE: • Three social classes • a. Priests and royalty (kings) • b. Wealthy merchants • c. Ordinary workers • [Slaves] –were not free citizens and thus not included in class system 2. Women • Had more rights than in many later civilizations • (could own property, join lower ranks of priesthood) • But not allowed to attend schools • (could not read or write) Left:Statue of Sumerian woman with hands clasped at chest, ca. 2600-2300 B.C.Right:Gypsum statue of man and woman at Inanna Temple atNippur,circa 2600-2300 B.C.
City-States in Mesopotamia ACHIEVEMENTS 1. One of the first writing systems - Cuneiform Cylinder seals and their ancient impressions on administrative documents and locking devices are our richest source for a range of meaningful subject matters. A wealth of these have been discovered at Sumerian sites. * PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Review: • What were the places of worship for the people of Mesopotamia? • What was their writing called? 3. Mesopotamia, the firstpermanent place for human settlements, had a special name for its shape. What? 4. The Fertile Crescent was between what two rivers? The Fertile Crescent ziggurats Tigris and Euphrates cuneiform
