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The Spanish fisheries along the West African coast from the middle to the end of the 20th century

Pêcheries maritimes, écosystèmes et sociétés en Afrique de l’Ouest: un demi-siècle de changement Dakar, Sénégal, 24 – 28 juin 2002. The Spanish fisheries along the West African coast from the middle to the end of the 20th century Eduardo Balguerías Guerra María Teresa García Santamaría

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The Spanish fisheries along the West African coast from the middle to the end of the 20th century

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  1. Pêcheries maritimes, écosystèmes et sociétés en Afrique de l’Ouest: un demi-siècle de changementDakar, Sénégal, 24 – 28 juin 2002 The Spanish fisheries along the West African coast from the middle to the end of the 20th century Eduardo Balguerías Guerra María Teresa García Santamaría Ana Ramos Martos Ignacio Sobrino Yraola Lourdes Fernández Peralta Teresa García Jiménez Instituto Español de Oceanografía

  2. OUTLINE • Historical antecedents • IEO statistical surveys in Spanish landing ports (1932 - 1970) • Establishment of the IEO program on African fisheries (1974) • Evolution of the Saharan fishery (1932 – 1999) • Conclusions

  3. SOME PIECES OF HISTORY • Available information until the 17th century • Phoenician and Roman vestiges show the fishing tradition in the south of the Iberian peninsula • Information on disperse documents demonstrate that Iberians fished sardine and hake in the coast of Morocco • During the 15th century Portuguese explored the African coast down to Guinea and brought news on the richness of the Saharan coast • Spanish conquered the Canary Islands and started exploiting Saharan resources • Treaty of Tordesillas recognised the rights of Spanish fishermen to fish between Capes Ghir and Bojador • Pirate attacks isolated the region north to Cape Ghir and permitted the extension of Canarian fishermen from Cape Juby to Cape Timiris (“banco canario – sahariano”)

  4. SOME PIECES OF HISTORY • Available information until 15th century • The Illustration period: first descriptions of the African fisheries • 30 boats • use of hooks exclusively • “tasarte”, “anjova” and “estornino” as bait • “cherne”, “corvina” and “sama” as target species • preservation gutted, salted and pressed • annual production around 6 900 t (3 million fish)

  5. SOME PIECES OF HISTORY • Available information until 15th century • The Illustration period: first descriptions of the African fisheries • The colonialism: scientific explorations • introduction of nets and traps: “chinchorros”, “artes de tendido” and “nasas” • preservation of living fish in “tank vessels” • factories onshore

  6. SOME PIECES OF HISTORY • Available information until 17th century • The Illustration period: first descriptions of the African fisheries • The colonialism: scientific explorations • The World War Two: expansion of industrial fisheries • introduction of trawling • specialization of fishing (small pelagics, hakes, shrimps, cephalopods) • new preservation methods (ice and freezing) • extension of fishing grounds towards the south

  7. SOME PIECES OF HISTORY • Available information until 17th century • The Illustration period: first descriptions of the African fisheries • The colonialism: scientific explorations • The World War Two: expansion of industrial fisheries • The new jurisdictional order: decolonisation, EEZ’s and fishing agreements

  8. Catches by fishing area 300000 Guinea Guinea Bissau 250000 Senegal Mauritania 200000 Sahara Morocco catch (t) 150000 100000 50000 0 33 43 53 63 73 83 93 years

  9. 20000 15000 catch (t) 10000 5000 0 70 300000 years 0 30000 33 8000 0 80 0 80 5000 7000 0 0 80 80

  10. Effort by fishing area 120000 Guinea Guinea Bissau 100000 Senegal Mauritania 80000 Sahara Morocco effort (fishing days) 60000 40000 20000 0 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 years

  11. Composition of fish catches 120000 100000 80000 catches (t) 60000 40000 20000 0 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 years Haemulidae Pleuronectiforms Sciaenidae Sparidae Serranidae Other fishes Cephalopods

  12. Relative abundance in cruises THALASSA - 1962 CIERZO - 1942 0,08 6,83 2,88 0,42 0,54 16,78 (2175 kg/60’) 0,01 (569 kg/60’) 80,32 92,12 ATLOR V - 1974 CONGEL - 1990 11,33 9,64 9,61 (211 kg/60’) 18,7 0,86 (322 kg/60’) 71,66 78,2 Fish Crustaceans Cephalopods Equinoderms Other invertebrates

  13. 1972 Invertebrates Osteichthies Chondroichthies Cephalopods 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 percentage (weight) 1990 biomass catches landings Invertebrates Osteichthies Chondroichthies Cephalopods 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 percentage (weight)

  14. CONCLUSIONS • First historical records indicate that Spanish fisheries in NW Africa were already established in the early Mean Age • Canarian fishermen exploited resources in the Saharan coast almost in exclusivity from the 15th to the 20th centuries • World War Two favoured the establishment of specialized industrial fisheries in the region • The new jurisdictional order forced to the extension of traditional fishing grounds • Spanish catches and effort reached their maximum during the 1980’s followed by a continuous decrease due to restrictions in fishing agreements • Available information suggests that temporal changes in the Saharan assemblages affected to the total biomass more than to the faunistic composition

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