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Urban Landscape

Urban Landscape. Notes to Handouts (08-09 version). I. What is a settlement?. I. The ‘ what ’ and ‘ where ’ of settlements - site, location (situation), size, form, structure, morphology, function, quality of environment, households, people and interaction. II. Types of settlements.

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Urban Landscape

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  1. Urban Landscape Notes to Handouts (08-09 version)

  2. I. What is a settlement? • I. The ‘what’ and ‘where’ of settlements - site, location (situation), size, form, structure, morphology, function, quality of environment, households, people and interaction

  3. II. Types of settlements • What is an urban settlement? How is it different from a rural settlement? • Functional definition of urban settlement • Statistical definition of urban settlement • - Why is it difficult to set a universal minimum size of an urban settlement? • Refer to ‘Urban Data 2008’ • Refer to T.B. p.388-389, 392-397, 516-517

  4. Comparing north & south in the USA Not all types of society will develop an urban structure. There was, for a long period, a marked contrast between the economies of the northern & southern regions of the young USA.

  5. II. Types of settlements - Settlement patterns: Causes of dispersion and nucleation: T.B. p.397 Nearest neighbour analysis: T.B. p.402-404 Interaction / gravity models: T.B. p.410-411

  6. III. Urban Processes • Urban growth - trends and distribution (refer to fact notes ‘Urban Data 2008’, T.B. p.418-419) • Urbanization - it is not simply a matter of an increasing % of people living in towns and cities - it is a multi-dimenstional process involving: physical, economic, social and demographic changes (refer to notes p. 3)

  7. III. Urban Processes • Urbanization - On demographic level, urbanization involves two processes: • natural increase • migration (with push and pull factors)

  8. The average size of the world’s 100 largest cities, 1800-2000 • The growth of large urban areas (cities) has been especially notable over the last 50 years.

  9. World mega-cities • The recent feature of urbanization: the emergence of mega-cities with populations of over 5 million.

  10. III. Urban Processes • Urbanization - The rate of natural increase in cities are often significantly higher than those in more rural areas. Why? • Higher fertility rate in urban areas due to a low age profile • Which is often the result of migration, esp. rural-urban migration (highly selective) – do ex.

  11. III. Urban Processes • What are the processes and features of urbanization? (notes p.3) • How did the % of the worlds’ urban population change with time? (notes p.3 & ‘Urban Data 2008)

  12. III. Urban Processes • The proportion of world population living in urban areas (notes p.4) • Proportion by different continents

  13. No. of cities with > 1 million people, 1800-2000 Source: Advanced Geography Edexcel (A), 2005, p. 461

  14. Distribution of the world’s100 largest cities, 1800-2000 Source: Advanced Geography Edexcel (A), 2005, p. 461

  15. Urbanization in the developed countries • 1. The invention of agricultural machinery • 2. Improvement in transport • 3. Development of new manufacturing industries • 4. Attractiveness of urban life

  16. Counter-urbanization • It is a trend that involves the movement of people and enterprises out of urban areas to more rural areas. • The trend experienced by UK after 1950s: - 1. improved transport - 2. a decline in the heavy industries which had been concentrated in a few areas - 3. a greater development of services which favoured edge-of-city environments

  17. Reurbanization since 1980s • the return of people to the cities is directional in nature • with majority of movement happens in the inner cities • which formerly suffer from dereliction and unemployment • the scale of return is large and impose an obvious effect within the city, both positive and negative • the return is particularly significant in large cities, especially global cities in MEDCs • where population has grown rapidly

  18. Reurbanization in most MEDC cities in the 1990s • the recognition of an urgent need to revive & redevelop flagging city / central city areas • a response to the changing world economy: globalization • effect of switching employment structure, from manufacturing industry to service industry • the derelict part of the cities, mainly the inner part, usu. captures the awareness of the government

  19. Reurbanization in most MEDC cities in the 1990s • major aims: to stop the loss of population & employment, improve housing stock and upgrade the city image • ultimate goal: to attract the mobile, global investment

  20. case study in UK (1) - Birmingham • the principal area of development: - the derelict areas in the NE part of the city • Heartlands initiative: - developing office space within the city • other city projects: - building an international convention centre, national indoor arena, etc. • aiming at the creation of a safe, profitable and pleasure environment • through ‘growth coalition’, several flagship schemes have been promoted.

  21. case study in UK (2) - Nottingham • revival of the past textile centre into an important centre for financial & business • pulling down small workshops to create more office space and space for houses • renovation of the historic Lace Market • redevelopment of the Borad Marsh and Trinity Square shopping areas, crating a further 77 000 sq. metre for retail space • further investment on key city centre sites • dev’t of national & international sports facilities– the National Ice Centre, the National Water Sports Centre & the Nottingham International Tennis Centre

  22. Urbanization in the less developed countries • in the stage of concurrent urban growth & urbanization • impacts under the withdrawal of the colonial administration • ‘over-urbanization’ • ‘pseudo-urbanization’ • other factors for the rapid process (notes p.6) • a case study of China (notes p.6)

  23. Urban and rural population, 1950-2030 • With projected values to 2030

  24. Think about it • What about the recent trend and prediction of China’s urbanization? • What are the driving force of rural-urban migration in China?

  25. Urbanization in China • Total population at the end of 2006: 1.3 billion, • with 737 million (56%) and 577 million (44%) residing in the rural and urban areas respectively. • About 94% of population lives on approximately 46% of land. • Recent trend: the decreasing rural population and increasing urban population; moving industry and economic activities from the rural to urban areas as the main focus • The UN forecast: By 2015, China's rural and urban population will be about 50% vs 50%] • In the long term, China faces increasing urbanization: by 2035– the level of urbanization will reach 70% Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  26. 3 driving forces for China’s rural-urban migration • 1. the widening income gap between rural & urban areas • 2. the increasing labour demand in centain economic sectors of the big cities e.g. construction, electronics & textiles, services • 3. the further agricultural modernization & therefore the agricultural labour surplus Source: http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/LUC/ChinaFood/argu/trends/trend_30.htm

  27. Recommended Reference: • Rural-urban Migration in China: Recent Trend and Future Challenges

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