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Workshop on APA Style Morning Session II

Workshop on APA Style Morning Session II. WSU College of Nursing October 24, 2008 Ellen Barton Linguistics/English WSU Director of Composition. Overview -- Topics. writing process top-down and bottom-up top-down – genres and outlines

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Workshop on APA Style Morning Session II

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  1. Workshop on APA StyleMorning Session II WSU College of Nursing October 24, 2008 Ellen Barton Linguistics/English WSU Director of Composition

  2. Overview -- Topics • writing process • top-down and bottom-up • top-down – genres and outlines • bottom-up – language (paragraphs and sentences) and format • drafts • 1st draft – finding info/outlining • 2nd draft – organizing/APA headings • 3rd draft – editing and formatting Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing

  3. Genres and Sections • IMRD definitions(APA, 2001, p. 7) • I – development of the problem under investigation and statement of the purpose of the investigation • background • claim (thesis) • M – description of the method used to conduct the investigation • R – report of the results • D – interpretation and implications of the results Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing

  4. Method -- Outline • Method Section(APA, 2001, pp. 17-20) • Method • Site • Participants and Sample • Procedure • Data collection. • Data analysis. • APA Headings(APA, 2001, pp. 111-115, pp. 289-290) Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing

  5. Method -- Analysis • Method -- qualitative study (Aldridge and Barton, 2007) • levels and topics of headings • data collection – qualitative study • participants • sample and limitations • data analysis – discourse analysis • introduction, steps, sample analysis (Figure 1, Figure 2) • Method – quantitative study (Thomas, 2008) (handout) Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing

  6. Method -- Exercise • Method • on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline the subsections/headings you expect to be in your Method section, using APA style • in Procedure, what will you include in data collection? in data analysis? • outline key phrases Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing

  7. Results – Outline • Results section (APA, 2001, pp. 20-26) • Results • data and analysis • data tables – report data • graphical figures – represent relationships • statistical analysis (for quantitative) • interpretive analysis (for qualitative) Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing

  8. Results – Analysis • Results (Aldridge & Barton, 2007) • overview and “roadmap ¶” • Results • References to Negative Outcomes • examples and Table 1 • Possible Treatment Options • examples and Table 2 • Summary Sections • examples and Table 3 Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing

  9. Results -- Templates • overview – use parallel structure to introduce major findings/headings • This difference can be seen across three features, including (a), (b), (c) … • data -- tell reader what to look for • as shown in Table 2, • figures -- explain relationships • To give a sense of the structure and content of Phase 2 in EOL discussions, two coded excerpts are presented in Figures 1 and 2.(example from Method) Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing

  10. Results and Discussion • Results and Discussion • combine data, data analysis, and discussion w/in category/heading • qualitative study – analysis and discussion of RQs/themes • quantitative study – analysis and discussion of hypotheses • usually followed by a Conclusion section Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing

  11. Results -- Exercise • Results • on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline a “roadmap ¶” for what you expect to be your major findings • outline the categories of findings (use parallel structure for major finding (a), (b), (c), …) • outline the subsections of your Results section, using APA headings Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing

  12. Discussion – Outline • Discussion section(APA, 2001, pp. 26-27) • A. summary w/ r. to original purpose/ RQs/hypotheses • B. similarities and differences in terms of the research literature • C. examine, interpret, and qualify results • theoretical consequences • implications • limitations (here or in Conclusion) • importance (here or in Conclusion) Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing

  13. Discussion -- Analysis • Discussion (Aldridge & Barton, 2007) • summary of major finding(s) • interpretation of major finding(s) • “accumulation of negative evidence” • implication of major finding • “appropriate discourse strategy” • qualification of major finding • issue of “treatment imperative” Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing

  14. Discussion -- Exercise • Discussion • on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline a summary of what you expect to be your major finding(s) • (look back at your Purpose statement!) • outline an interpretation of the major finding(s) Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing

  15. Conclusion -- Outline • Conclusion section • A. limitations • method, analysis, generalization • B. importance • relation of research findings to larger issues • applications of research findings • e.g., clinical applications Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing

  16. Conclusion -- Analysis • Conclusion (Aldridge & Barton, 2007) • limitations • data -- single communicative event • analysis -- medical uncertainty • generalization -- small sample • importance • first study in terms of outcomes • clinical application – ethical discourse strategy for EOL discussions Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing

  17. Conclusion -- Exercise • Conclusion • on the Basic APA Style Outline, outline 2-3 limitation sentences: • The first limitation of this research is . . . • outline a concluding sentence indicating the importance of your research: • The importance of this research is . . . Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing

  18. Abstract -- Outline • IMRD Abstract (120 words) • A. research problem • B. participants • C. method • D. major findings • E. conclusions, implications, applications • write the abstract last! (APA, 2001, pp. 12-15) Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing

  19. Abstract -- Outline • Lit Review Abstract(120 words) • A. topic (problem) • B. purpose (thesis) • C. organization, scope (comprehensive, selected) and sources • D. conclusions (major points in critical perspective) • write the abstract last! (APA, 2001, pp. 12-15) Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing

  20. Writing in APA Style • planning and 1st draft • make a basic APA style outline (handout) • Introduction – problem, literature gap, purpose (terms, claim/thesis) • Background – literature review • categories • Method – site, participants, procedure • data collection • data analysis Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing

  21. Writing in APA Style • Results – overview, major findings • data (tables?) • data analysis (figures?) • Discussion – summary, literature, interpretation, implications • Conclusion – limitations, importance, applications • then, write the 1st draft! Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing

  22. Writing in APA Style • revising to 2nd draft • organize paper into APA headings • organize materials w/in sections/ headings and paragraphs (¶s) • note: specific assignments • convert assignment into outline • outline and write 1st draft • revise to 2nd draft • focus on thesis statement! Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing

  23. Writing in APA Style • READ • read journal articles in your program • absorb APA style in use • use primary sources (journal articles) for your research • WRITE • plan time to write multiple drafts • 1st draft –outline and write • 2nd draft – revise w/in APA headings Workshop on APA Style WSU College of Nursing

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