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Watersheds

Watersheds. Investigation One. Watersheds. Water. H ₂ O One of the most important factors found in ecosystems Multiple bodies of water make up watersheds

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Watersheds

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  1. Watersheds

  2. Investigation One Watersheds
  3. Water H₂O One of the most important factors found in ecosystems Multiple bodies of water make up watersheds Watersheds are land areas that slope downward and drain into one primary waterway or reservoir; made up of a series of different bodies of water Brooks Creeks Streams Rivers
  4. Schuylkill River Watershed
  5. Chesapeake Bay Watershed
  6. Delaware Bay Watershed
  7. Water- Abiotic Factors Water has many important abiotic (nonliving) factors that crucial in making up the structure of an ecosystem Velocity Discharge Sedimentation Turbidity Temperature Dissolved Oxygen
  8. Abiotic Factor- Water Velocity Velocity is the time that it takes for a given particle to travel a given distance Measured in meters per sec (m/s) How fast the water current is moving Scientists measure water velocity by measuring a distance on a stream and determining the time it takes for an object to travel that distance. Water Velocity has many effects on other the other abiotic factors of water such as discharge and Dissolved Oxygen
  9. Abiotic Factor- Water Discharge Discharge of a stream or river is the amount of water that passes a point in a certain amount of time Discharge measures the volume of water in cubic meters per sec (m³/s ) or in liters per sec (L/s)
  10. Discharge Discharge, cubic feet per secondMost recent instantaneous value:74,500 05-01-14  11:30 EDT
  11. Velocity and Discharge In a watershed, factors such as amount of precipitation can affect the velocity and discharge of a given body of water A snowy winter can cause a river to have a great deal of velocity and discharge once the snow begins to melt A Rainstorm with a large amount of rain can cause the velocity and discharge of an river to increase drastically.
  12. Velocity and Discharge Affect a Watershed Water velocity is the distance water travels in a certain amount of time. Discharge is the volume of water that flows into an area per time. As water velocity increases, discharge increases. Increases in water velocity and discharge from headwaters of a watershed may lead to flooding downstream.
  13. Investigation Two
  14. Sediment Moving water causes erosion Erosion is the process by which soil and rock are removed from the Earth's surface Loose particles of soil, rock, sand, and other substances are called sediment. Sediment is suspended in water
  15. Abiotic Factor- Water Sedimentation When sediment eventually settles at the bottom on a body of water it is called Sedimentation After many years sediment can build up creating new land, or increasing the size of existing land
  16. Boathouse Row 1990s
  17. Boathouse Row 2010s
  18. Abiotic Factor- Water Turbidity When studying sediment scientist also study the Turbidity of water Turbidity is a way to study the quality of the water based on how clear or cloudy the water is.
  19. Measuring Turbidity Lots of sediment result in high turbidity The more turbid the water, the less light that can pass through SecchiDisk is used to measure the turbidity Spectrophotometer is used to measure the light absorbed/transmitted
  20. Turbidity Low Turbidity High Turbidity
  21. Turbidity Turbidity, water, unfiltered, monochrome near infra-red LED light, 780-900 nm, detection angle 90 +-2.5 degrees, formazinnephelometric units (FNU)Most recent instantaneous value: 220   05-01-2014  11:00 EDT
  22. Turbidity affecting Photosynthesis Photosynthetically active radiation (average flux density on a horizontal surface during measurement interval), micromoles of photons per square meter per secondMost recent instantaneous value: 926   05-01-2014  11:00 EDT
  23. Velocity, Sedimentation, and Turbidity Water with a higher velocity will have a higher turbidity, leading to more sediment suspended in the water High turbidity can impact organisms living in the watershed Less light will get through the water, causing a decreases in photosynthesis by water plants The decrease in photosynthesis leads to a decrease in the oxygen in the water
  24. Velocity affecting Sedimentation and Turbidity Water with a higher velocity will have a higher turbidity More sediment will be suspended in the water and less sediment will settle at the bottom Water with a low velocity or slower moving water will have a lower turbidity Less sediment will be suspended in the water and more sediment will settle at the bottom
  25. Investigation Three Watershed
  26. Abiotic Factor- Water Temperature Water temperature changes depending on the season Water temperature can change with rain storms Water temperature affects what type of organisms can live and reproduce in the body of water
  27. Temperature Temperature, water, degrees CelsiusMost recent instantaneous value: 10.1   05-01-2014  11:00 EDT
  28. Abiotic Factor- Water Dissolved Oxygen Organisms that live in the water require oxygen to live just like organisms on land Oxygen in water is called Dissolved Oxygen The amount of dissolved oxygen in water determine what kinds of fish and other organisms can live in the water Higher water velocity results in an increase in DO
  29. Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved oxygen, water, unfiltered, milligrams per literMost recent instantaneous value: 10.3   05-01-2014  11:00 EDT
  30. Biotic Factor- Macro Organisms Macro Organisms are organisms that can be seen without a microscope Different types of Macro Organisms live in different types of bodies of water Certain types of macro organisms can help determine the health of a body of water
  31. Macro Organisms Grouped into 3 different groups to determine health of the body of water Group 1 Pollution Sensitive Group 2 Moderately Sensitive Group 3 Moderately Tolerant Group 4 Pollution Tolerant
  32. Macro Organisms Group 1- Pollution Sensitive Group 2- Moderately Sensitive  Mayfly Caddisfly Stonefly  Dobsonfly  Gilled Snails  Water Penny  Riffle Beetle Water Scorpion Aquatic Sowbug Damselfly Dragonfly Scuds Crane Fly Crayfish
  33. Macro Organisms Group 3-Moderately Tolerant Group 4-Pollution Tolerant  Water Mite Midge Blackfly Flatworm Leeches Air Breathing Snail  Deer Fly Horse Fly Tubifex  Blood Midge
  34. Leading to the Ocean All Water sheds eventually lead to the Ocean The area where freshwater meets salt water is called an estuary Estuaries are used by many marine life as nurseries and migrate to estuaries to give birth When the Salt water mixes with the freshwater changes in salinity can occur Salinity is the amount of dissolved salts in the water Affects the ability of some organisms to live in the water- some organisms live in fresh water, some in salt water, while others have a tolerance for both
  35. Temperature, DO, Velocity, and salinity affect Watersheds DO increases with decreasing temperatures, decreasing salinity, and increasing water velocity Cooler waters have higher levels of DO than areas of the watershed at higher temperatures Waters with higher salinity contain less DO than freshwater at the same temp The faster the water is moving, the greater amount of DO in the water Slower moving water has less DO than fast moving water st the same temp and salinity The amount of DO can affect the types of organisms that live in the watershed
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