AP Language & Composition

1. AP Language & Composition Vocabulary Terms Set 3

2. Set 3 Directions: Copy the terms and their definitions below. You should review these each night. There will be a test on Friday. • Ad hominem –Latin for “against the man”. When a writer personally attacks his or her opponent instead of their arguments. It is an argument that appeals to emotion rather than reason, feeling rather than intellect. • Argumentation- to prove the validity of an idea, or a point of view, by presenting good sound reasoning. • Casual relationship – a writer asserts that one thing results from another. To show how one thing produces or brings about another is often relevant in establishing a logical argument. • Deduction –moving from general statements we accept as true, to an inevitable conclusion. • Induction- the process of reasoning from premises that constitute good, but not absolutely certain, reasons to a conclusion that is probably correct. It involves bringing together pieces of evidence and arriving at a conclusion. • Nostalgic - sentimental or wistful yearning for the happinessfelt in a former place, time, or situation. • Diction- word choice particularly as an element of style • Ethos –an appeal to one through establishing his credibility and character

3. Set 3 Continued • Logos – appeals to one through reasoning based on logic • Pathos- appeal to one’s by using emotion • Euphemism – a more agreeable and less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words • Exposition – to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant to evidence, and appropriate discussion. • Oversimplification – when the writer denies the complexity of an idea • Paradox – a seemingly contradictory statement which is actually true. An idea which embeds a contradiction. • Parody- an exaggerated imitation of a serious work for humorous purposes. It borrows words or phrases from an original to poke fun at it. It is a form of allusion, since it is referencing a previous text, or event etc. • Qualification – redefining your argument so that it no longer conflicts with the valid claim of an opposing viewpoint. • Refutation – when the writer musters relevant opposing arguments. • Rhetorical question- not asked for information but for effect; one does not expect a reply, but simply draws attention through its use.

4. Set 3 Continued • Rhetorical fragment - a sentence fragmentused deliberately for a persuasive purpose or effect • Syllogism – a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises – the first one “major” the second one “minor” that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. • Symbol /symbolism – anything that represents or stands for something else. • Epistrophe - repetition for rhetorical effect: repetition of a word or phrase at the end of consecutive clauses or sentences for rhetorical effect. • Antimetabole - is the repetition of words in successive clauses, but in transposed grammatical order (e.g., "I know what I like, and I like what I know"). • Asyndeton - leaving out conjunctions: the omission of conjunctions in sentence constructions in which they would usually be used. • Polysyndeton- The repetition of conjunctions in close succession for rhetorical effect, as in the phrase here and there and everywhere.