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Future Neutrino Facilities “ Plan B ” of the World High Energy Community

Future Neutrino Facilities “ Plan B ” of the World High Energy Community. Yorikiyo Nagashima Osaka University November 28, 2006 Kanazawa University. EPP2010. The European Strategy for Particle Physics. I nternational S coping S tudy of a Neutrino Factory and super-beam facility.

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Future Neutrino Facilities “ Plan B ” of the World High Energy Community

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  1. Future Neutrino Facilities“Plan B” of the World High Energy Community Yorikiyo Nagashima Osaka University November 28, 2006 Kanazawa University Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  2. EPP2010 Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  3. Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  4. The European Strategy for Particle Physics Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  5. International Scoping Study of a Neutrino Factory and super-beam facility Joint Effort by ECFA/BENE NuFact-J US Muon Collider and Neutrino Factory Collaboration UK Neutrino Factory collaboration Hosted by CCLRC/RAL Proposed at NuFact05. Final report to NuFact06 ( August 24, 2006) (http://www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/iss/) Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  6. What to do? • Investigate a best strategy for the long future of the neutrino physics considering the ongoing and near future plans of three regions. • Chairman : P.Dornan (ICL) Conveners: • Physics working group : Y. Nagashima (Osaka) • Detector working group: A.Blondel (CERN) • Accelerator working group: M.Zisman (LBL) Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  7. Where do we go from here ?Two directions beyond SM, toward Unification • EW symmetry breaking, • HIGGS, GUT, SUSY, EDLHC, ILC • Clear theoretical guide exists:Top down approach • Discovery ! • Flavor Problem • Origin of generations, Mass Hierarchy Super B, nFactory • No clear theory exists. Only experimental observations: Bottom Up Approach • Precision and surprise ! Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  8. Many of these questions usually reside in GUT scale and beyond, Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  9. A given GUT model usually has generic predictions for low energy observables. • Studying n’s gives considerable insight into phenomena which otherwise would be inaccessible. • Colliders can not probe this kind of physics, since any effects in scattering amplitudes are suppressed by MGUT, ~O(10-10) at LHC ! Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  10. Key measurementsThe most sensitive low energy observables are • Majorana mass – 0nbb • Absolute mn– Katrin, Cosmology Oscillation measurementscan address following questions. • How large is q13 ? • Leptonic CP violation ? • n mass hierarchy ? • Is q23 maximal ? • Unitarity test and/or more than 3 n’s? • Test of Q-L complementarity: ex. • Test of Sum rules: ex. Model prediction Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  11. The neutrino mixing matrix: 3 angles and a Dirac phase + 2 Majorana phases Majorana phases do not contribute to oscillations 実験的には ? Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  12. Dm212= 8 x10-5 eV2 Dm213= 2 x10-3eV2 Unknown or poorly known 13,CPphase ,sign of Dm213 From now on, assume standard 3 flavor oscillation. Use above 3 indicators for Optimization of future neutrino facilities. Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  13. Neutrino Oscillation Appearance Probability 大気(q13)項 . CP項 . 太陽項 . sin22q13<0.1 a ~ 0.04 Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  14. En of most SB and BB peaks at ~1GeV Neutrino Factory Yellow; Numi, 45mrad Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  15. En=1GeV optimum LBL expts. operate at atmosphericn distance Note: The functions scale as L/E Earth diameter Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  16. To resolve mass hierarchy, a long baseline(>1000km) is needed Magic Baseline Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  17. 3 types of accelerator neutrino facilities • Super Beam • Conventional: use p  mn : nmビーム • Mega watt class proton accelerator • Contamination of ne in beam • Beta Beam • Produce beta active isotope A*  Aene ： neビーム And accelerate (use SPS or LHC) • Q-value low  collimated beam, small BKG • Neutrino Factory • Use m from p decay, cool, accelerate, store and let m decay • : ne, nmビーム • Clean, intense, high energy (10-30GeV), all channels available • Considered as an ultimate neutrino facility • Needs R&D, Cost? • Ongoing experiments are all of SB type Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  18. Accelerator n Experiments Confirm atm. Osci. Find q13 Measure CP, solve MH Ultimate facility Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  19. Super Beam (< 1MW  4MW) T2K, NOvA, SPL • Find non-zero q13 down tosin22q13 ~ 10-2 • Expect to measureDm213: • 23%  10%MINOS •  2%T2K, NOvA • Super Beam Phase II (Detector Upgrade) T2HK, NOvAII • sin22q13 ~10-3 • mass-hierarchy up tosin22q13~ 10-2 • for all values ofdNOvA II, T2KK • Search for CP violation • Dm132 　 1% • Note:Reactor is very competitive in search of q13 Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  20. ~2013 Future Adapted from Lindner et al., Hep-ph/0403068, 0503101 Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  21. Correlation and Degeneracy (-) (-) P(nenm)=Asin22q13+sin2q13(Bcos d±Csin d)+D Measurement of at fixed En/L gives a line in q13-dCP plane. Measurement of both gives a two-fold (q13-dCP or intrinsic) degeneracy Correlation Degeneracy dCP dCP Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  22. Sign degeneracy • Total of8-fold degeneracy • q13- d(intrinsic)ambiguity. • Mass hierarchy two-fold (sign)degeneracy:|Dm231|=|-Dm231| • q23(octant)degeneracy:sin22q23= sin22(p/2-q)23 Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  23. dCP dCP Solving the degeneracy • 2 different L/E • or a wide band beam (b) Same L/E 2 different channels  Synergy of independent experiments Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  24. Degeneracy free, clean experiment No dCP, No mass hierarchy! • Short baseline reactor experiments: • 2nd term small for sin22q13 >> 10-3 ! Note: D31=Dm231L/4E Seminar at Kanazawa U. DChooz (see e.g. Akhmedov et al., hep-ph/0402175)

  25. Reactor data are more effective than anti-neutrinos Note: Reactor II : sin22q13=0.01 Seminar at Kanazawa U. M.Lindner; hep-ph/0503101

  26. NOvA alone suffers from sign degeneracy. Adding reactor data solves the problem. Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  27. Near Future : Next 5 yrs. (Super Beam I) T2K (Japan) 295km C2GT(CNGS beam) 730km NOnA (NUMI beam) 810km They all look fornm~ ne oscillations Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  28. Detectors for SB and BB are similar. Type 1: Water cherenkov counter a la SK (=50 kt) Upgrade x10 volume : ~Megaton Hyper Kamiokande, UNO, MEMPHYS En < 1GeV Quasi Elastic events Large volume Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  29. Detector for SB, Type 2, TASD: Totally Active Scintillator Detctor a la NOvA En ~1-5GeV Moderate Volume • Proposed NOvA Detector • 30 ktons of liquid scintilltor • 15.7m x 15.7m x 132m • 1984 layers • 635,136 cells, each 3.8x6.0x1570 cm3 • Readout by WLS+1 APD • ~20 p.e. expected Readout Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  30. Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  31. T2K can probesin22q13~0.01 . And also has some sensitivity to CP Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  32. 5 yr n only _ 2.5 yr each n and n NOvA compared withT2K Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  33. NOvA’s strength is in mass hierarchy. 95% CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering T2K Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  34. Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  35. Near Future / ”next 10 yrs” P.Huber et al., hep-ph/0403068 T2HK NOAII II Super Beam: Phase II Ｘ1０ improvementover ongoing experiments Dm2=2.0x10-3eV2 Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  36. Gary Feldman, WIN’05 NOvA’s effort to compete with T2HK Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  37. Here, NOvA’s long baseline is an advantage. 95% CL Resolution of the Mass Hierarchy + + + 2nd detector + + NOnA Possible Reach in 2010-2020 Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  38. T2KKT2HK’s solution to compete with NOvA II • Split T2HK detector into two and place one in Korea • Long baseline helps to resolve degeneracy at Kamioka. • T2KK reach comparable or better than NOvA and T2HK combined T.Kajita, K.Nakamura Seminar at Kanazawa U. P.Oddone

  39. sin22q13=0.05 By taking ½ to Korea, the ability to solve degeneracies enhanced . Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  40. T2KK: enhanced abilitiesNote; the difference in systematics PRELIMINARY (3s, Dm312=0.0025 eV2) Seminar at Kanazawa U. (Barger, Huber, Marfatia, Winter, in preparation)

  41. 3 2 Kamioka + Korea 3s T2HK+ Nova Intermediate 3s T2HK+ Nova T2K II (Kamioka) hep-ph/0504026 Expected sensitivity Neutrino + anti-neutrino runs = 8 years Sensitivity to CP(sind≠0) Sensitivity to mass hierarchy Kamioka+Korea 2 T2K-II (Kamioka) 3 Conclusion: T2K~NOvA, T2HK~NOvA II except mass hierarchy T2KK~NOvA II in all aspects Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  42. FNAL BNL UNO or Liq. Ar. at far site • US: Further effort : • NOvA comparable with T2K in q13, CP NOvA II outperforms T2HK in mass hierarchy, but T2KK can compete with NOvA II. Their solution?  Wide Band Beam w/very long baseline . Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  43. If WBB and the UNO water cherenkov detector can perform as claimed • it is as good as any other Super Beam experiments. • However, • No direct En information: • En has to be reconstructed  Use Quasi Elastic Events • Rejection of NC BKG is crucial. • Liq. Ar. is a solution, but a large Liq. Ar. Det. ? • Under investigation Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  44. Comparison of SB performances I T2KK is good at sin22q13 and CPV discovery WBB is better at mass hierarchy. Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  45. Comparison of SB performances II Why is T2KK good at q13 and CPV ? Large mass counts ! Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  46. CERN 3x145 ktons Water Cherenkov 130km Fréjus 4800mwe The MEMPHYS Project:SPL (Super Proton Linac) and Beta-Beam : From CERN to FREJUS In the meantime, Europeans are thinking ahead. . SPL @ CERN: On axis beam 2.2GeV, 50Hz, 2.3x1014p/pulse 4MW Neutrino beam energy: ~0.3 GeV Future possibility: CERN to Gran Sasso in Italy (730km) Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  47. CERN Super-beam: θ13 and CP discovery reach. . • T2HK (slightly) out-performs SPL • T2HK closer to being systematically limited • (effect of going from 2% systematic errors to 5%) . Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  48. So look into possibility of adding a b beam. • Produce beta active isotopes • Store 18Ne, 6He, accelerate and let them decay to produce pure e and e beams • He- 2.9×1018 decays per year, max. g=150 @SPS • Ne-1.1×1018 decays per year, max. g=250 @SPS • Two beta-beam options considered. • BB1: g=100, L=130km (CERN to Frejus) • BB2: g=350, L=730km (CERN to Gran Sasso) • Note: Tevatron and LHC can give g~350 , g <~800, respectively. Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  49. Advantage of b Beam • Flux and E-spectrum well-kown  1% • Pure ne beam, LE in ion-CM • Strong collimation  good at LBL • Near/Far spectrum very similar • Low BKG • Adjustable E  Experiments @diff. E • Synergy w/SPL • Can run both at SB mode (nm ne) and BB • mode (ne nm) •  Useful to resolve degeneracy •  Suitable for T, CPT exp. Seminar at Kanazawa U.

  50. SPL+BB1 synergy SPL alone cannot outperform T2HK, but the combination of SPL and BB1 does. Seminar at Kanazawa U. J-E. Campagne et al hep-ph/0603172

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