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ANTIBIOTIKA

ANTIBIOTIKA. Mikhania C.E., S.Farm, M.Si, Apt. SEJARAH. PENDAHULUAN. Antibiotik adalah golongan senyawa baik alami maupun sintetik yg memiliki efek menekan atau menghentikan suatu proses biokimia di dalam organisme khususnya bakteri Antibiotik dapat berasal dari mahkluk hidup atau sintesis.

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ANTIBIOTIKA

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  1. ANTIBIOTIKA Mikhania C.E., S.Farm, M.Si, Apt

  2. SEJARAH

  3. PENDAHULUAN Antibiotik adalah golongan senyawa baik alami maupun sintetik yg memiliki efek menekan atau menghentikan suatu proses biokimia di dalam organisme khususnya bakteri Antibiotik dapat berasal dari mahkluk hidup atau sintesis

  4. KLASIFIKASI Berdasar mekanisme kerjanya antibiotik dibagi menjadi : Inhibitor metabolisme sel : golongan sulfonamida Inhibitor sintesis dinding sel : betalaktam (penisilin), karbapenem Perusak dinding sel : polimiksin Perusak sintesis protein : golongan aminoglikosida (gentamisin, neomisin, dsb) Inhibitor sintesis protein : tetrasiklin, doksisiklin Pengganggu metabolisme asam nukleat : ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, dsb

  5. Klasifikasi (cont.) Berdasar spektrum kerjanya antibiotik dibagi menjadi : • Spektrum sempit  bekerja pada 1 jenis bakteri atau golongan bakteri saja. Contoh : INH aktif terhadap mikrobakteri • Spektrum sedang  efektif terhadap bakteri gram positif dan sebagian gram negatif. Misal : ampisilin • Spektrum luas  efektif terhadap bakteri secara luas. Misal : kloramfenikol, tetrasiklin

  6. SIFAT - SIFAT Bentuk : hablur atau serbuk Warna : putih kecuali tetrasiklin (kuning), basitrasin, tirotrisin (putih abu-abu) Rasa : tidak berasa kecuali kloramfenikol, oksitetrasiklin, karbomisin (pahit) Bau : tidak berbau kecuali golongan penisilin (bau bawang) Bersifat asam : klortetrasiklin, penisilin Bersifat basa : streptomisin

  7. IDENTIFIKASI UMUM Reaksi warna dan pengendapan Pengamatan bentuk kristal Melting point Spektrofotometri  IR Kromatografi  KLT

  8. 1. KLORAMFENIKOL Pemerian : A white, greyish-white oryellowish-white, fine, crystalline powderor fine crystals, needles or elongated plates Kelarutan : slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol and in propylene glycol

  9. Identifikasi • Zat + NaOHdipanaskanterbentukwarnakuning • Zat + pereaksiCuprifildipanaskanendapanwarnamerahbata • Zat + KMnO4 + NaOHterbentukwarnahijau lama-lama coklat • Zat + piridin + KOH (padat) dipanaskanterbentukwarnamerahcoklat • Zat + H2SO4 pekat terbentuk warna kuning muda Reaksi Kristal • Sampel + aseton + air

  10. Identifikasi (Cont.) Melting point : 149 °C to 153 °C. Examine by infrared absorption spectrophotometry, comparing with the spectrum obtained with chloramphenicol CRS. Examine the chromatograms obtained in the test for related substances. The principalspot in the chromatogram obtained with 1 μl of the test solution is similar in position and sizeto the principal spot in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (a). Dissolve about 10 mg in 1 ml of alcohol (50 per cent V/V) R, add 3 ml of a 10 g/l solutionof calcium chloride R and 50 mg of zinc powder R and heat on a water-bath for 10 min.Filter the hot solution and allow to cool. Add 0.1 ml of benzoyl chloride R and shake for 1min. Add 0.5 ml of ferric chloride solution R1 and 2 ml of chloroform R and shake. Theaqueous layer is coloured light violet-red to purple.

  11. TETRASIKLIN Pemerian : Yellow, crystalline powder Kelarutan : Very slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol (96 per cent) and in methanol, sparinglysoluble in acetone. It dissolves in dilute acid and alkaline solutions. Substance produced by certain strains of Streptomyces aerofaciensor obtained by any other means.

  12. Identifikasi ReaksiPenegasan • Zat + H2SO4pekatterbentukwarnamerahungu (anggur), kemudiandiencerkanterbentukwarnakuning • Zat + FeCl3terbentukwarnacoklatmerah • Zat + HNO3 pekat terbentuk warna jingga kuning • Zat + Aqua brom terbentuk endapan kuning • Zat + Pereaksi Nessler terbentuk warna hitam dengan segera • Zat + Pereaksi Marquis terbentukwarnamerahanggur ReaksiKristal • Sampel + aseton + air

  13. Crystals of Tetracycline

  14. Identifikasi (cont.) KLT  fase diam : oktadesil silica gel F254 , fase gerak : Mix 20 volumes of acetonitrile R , 20 volumes of methanol R and 60 volumesof a 63 g/l solution of oxalic acid R previously adjusted to pH 2 with concentrated ammonia R, deteksi di UV 254 nm To about 2 mg add 5 ml of sulphuric acid R . A violet-red colour develops. Add the solution to 2.5 ml of water R . The colour becomes yellow. Dissolve about 10 mg in a mixture of 1 ml of dilute nitric acid R and 5 ml of water R .Shake and add 1 ml of silver nitrate solution R2 . Any opalescence in the solution is notmore intense than that in a mixture of 1 ml of dilute nitric acid R , 5 ml of water R and 1 mlof silver nitrate solution R2 .

  15. STREPTOMISIN SULFAT Pemerian : A white or almost white powder, hygroscopic Kelarutan :very soluble in water, practically insoluble in ethanol. Diproduksi dari Streptomyces griseus

  16. Identifikasi ReaksiPendahuluan • Kelarutan : periksa kelarutan zat sesuai monografi • Zatdilarutkandalammetanol + H2SO4terbentuk endapan ReaksiPenegasan • Zat + H2SO4 terbentuk warna coklat merah • Zat + pereaksi Nessler terbentuk endapan hitam atau abu-abu hitam • Zat + pereaksi Roux terbentuk warna merah coklat yang akan cepat hilang • Zat + pereaksi Frohde terbentuk warna hijau tetapi agak lama

  17. Identifikasi (cont.) TLC Dissolve 5 mg to 10 mg in 4 ml of water R and add 1 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide . Heatin a water-bath for 4 min. Add a slight excess of dilute hydrochloric acid R and 0.1 ml offerric chloride solution R1 . A violet colour develops. Dissolve 0.1 g in 2 ml of water R , add 1 ml of a-naphthol solution R and 2 ml of amixture of equal volumes of strong sodium hypochlorite solution R and water R. A red colour develops. Dissolve about 10 mg in 5 ml of water R and add 1 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid . Heat in a water-bath for 2 min. Add 2 ml of a 5 g/l solution of a-naphthol R in 1 M sodium hydroxideand heat in a water-bath for 1 min. A faint yellow colour develops.

  18. TERIMA KASIH

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