Mongol Eurasia and its Aftermath, 1200-1500 Chapter 12

1. Mongol Eurasia and its Aftermath, 1200-1500Chapter 12

2. The Rise of the Mongols, 1200-1260

3. Nomadism in Central and Inner Asia • Nomads depended on: • Resulting in: • Hierarchy system headed by a.. • Tribute • Marriage • Religion • Religious pluralism • Economy • Strive for self sufficiency but..

4. The Mongol Conquests, 1215-1283 • Genghis Khan 1206-1234, and successors conquered all of ___ and were threatening the Song. • Unification (Great Khan in Mongolia) • Golden Horde • Jagadai, Central Asia • Il-Khans

5. 1265 Khubilai declared himself Great Khan. • Yuan Empire • Southern Song • Annam • Champa

6. Ability to conquer • Horsemanship • Weapons • Technique • Adaptation • Recruit • Reputation/intimidation • opportunists

7. Overland Trade and the Plague • Eurasia • What type of knowledge was exchanged between: Europe, Middle East, China, Iran, and Japan? • Diseases • Spread via trade routes from Southwest China to the ______.

8. Mongols and Islam 1260-1500

9. Mongol Rivalry • 1260s rivalry between the Il-Khan Mongol Empire and their Muslim subjects were tense. • Why? • At the same time Russia was under the Golden Horde, led by Batu who converted to Islam. What were his intentions?

10. Il-Khan Golden Horde

11. What role did Europe play in this conflict? • A failed alliance Islam and the State • Il-Khan State used the tax farming system. • Worked at first; However: • What attempts were made to fix this? • 1295-1349 depression • Noble Mongols fought each other for left over revenues • Golden Horde invaded • Timurids emerged in the Middle East

12. Culture and Science in Islamic Eurasia • Juvaini • Rashid al-Din, Jew who converted to Islam and advisor to Il-Khans, wrote… • What does this tell us about the Mongol world?

13. Astronomy • calendars, epicycles, prediction of eclipses • Mathematics • Adapted Indian numerical system • More accurate calculation of pi • Passed on to _______.

14. Regional Responses in Western Eurasia

15. Russia and Rule from Afar • Golden Horde made their capital at the mouth of Volga, ruling Russia from afar • Goal: • The Mongols favored Novgorod and Moscow. Why? • These cities emerged as center of Russian civilization.

16. Historic controversy • Some historians believe in the “Mongol yoke” • Some believe that Kievan state was already declining before Mongol rule due to: • Ivan III, the prince of Moscow, ended Mongol rule in 1480 and adopted the title of “ “.

17. New States in Eastern Europe and Anatolia • How did the forces of the Mongols take over Eastern Europe? • International force • Vienna • Withdrew • Diplomatic trade • “I’m losing my religion”

18. Rise of Lithuania (and Balkan kingdoms) • Due to • Antolia to Constantinople • Islamic culture • Ottomans, in eastern Anatolia in the 1300s were kept in check by the Timurids, expanded eastward in the 1400s and conquered Constantinople in 1453.

19. Mongol Domination in China1271-1368

20. The Yuan Empire, 1279-1368 • Khubilia Khan practiced Chinese tradition and government. • Fragmented: Song, Tanggut, and Jin were unified. • Beijing • Lamas • Government innovations • Tax farming • W. Asian officials • Hierarchy • Decline in Confucianism • Merchants and doctors elevated

21. Urban prosperity • Trade and merchants flourished • Corporations • Literature • Gentry • Mandarin dialect developed • Rural decline. Why? • Population decline. Why?

22. Cultural and Scientific Exchange • Exchange of technological, and mathematical knowledge was common between Iran (______) and China (_____). They both enjoyed good relations and had similar policies and sponsored intellectual pursuits. • Yuan imported: • Il-khans imported:

23. The Fall of the Yuan Empire • Problems: • Zhu Yuanzhang (Chinese) brought an end to years of chaos and rebellions. • Ming dynasty • Rivals: Mongols, Jurchens (Jins),

24. The Early Ming Empire1368-1500

25. Ming China on a Mongol Foundation • Goals of Zhu Yuanzhang/Hongwu: • close trade with C. Asia and Middle East • Reassert _______ • Nanjing • Continuation of (Yuan): • Provincial • Hereditary professional categories • Mongol calendar

26. 1405-1433 the Ming dispatched a series of expeditions to: • Zheng He • Added some luxury goods and 50 tribute countries. • Why did voyages end?

27. Technology and Population • Slowdown in technological innovation. • Why? • _____ and _____ moved ahead of China in technological innovation. • Korea- firearms, shipping, meteorology, calendars • Japan- mining, metallurgy, and household goods

28. The Ming Achievement • The Ming was a period of great wealth, consumerism, cultural brilliance, literature, and luxury goods.

29. Centralization and Militarism in East Asia, 1200-1500

30. Korea from the Mongols to the Yi, 1231-1500 • Korea concedes in 1258 • King of Koryo merges family • Profited from technology (Yuan) • Collapsed after the Yuan fell, replaced by Yi dynasty (after Ming). • Continuation of Ming

31. Technology • Moveable type, meteorological science, calendar, fertilizer reservoirs, cotton • Military • Patrol ships, cannons, arrow launchers, armored ships

32. Political Transformation in Japan 1274-1500 • First invasion 1272 against the decentralized Kamakura • Result: • Second invasion 1281.. • Result:

33. Kamakura shogunate destroyed by.. • Ashikaga period 1338 • Relatively weak, schools, increased agriculture, and artistic creativity • Onin war 1477 • Local rivalry • More decentralized

34. The Emergence of Vietnam, 1200-1500 • Divided • Chinese-influenced Annam in the north • Indian-influenced Champa in the south • (tribute from both) • After fall of Yuan, the two Vietnams resumed war with each other • Ming rule • Ruled Annam early 15th until 1428. • By 1500, Annam completely defeated Champa and established a _________ style government over all of Vietnam.

35. Conclusion • In every case, the threat or reality of Mongol invasion led to: • How did they deal with cultural, ethnic diversity? • How was trade effected?