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English Grammar

English Grammar. By Yang Yan Foreign Languages College Luoyang Normal University. Lecture 1 Introduction. What we will go though in this class:. About the class requirements About the course About the book About the suggestions. 1. About the course. Why grammar?

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English Grammar

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  1. English Grammar By Yang Yan Foreign Languages College Luoyang Normal University

  2. Lecture 1 Introduction

  3. What we will go though in this class: • About theclass requirements • About the course • About the book • About the suggestions

  4. 1. About the course • Why grammar? • Can we learn without it? • How do we learn it?

  5. We take English as a foreign language that will be seldom used in daily life after school. So we have no any English language environment at all. • Thank God we have grammar as a tool or a short cut. • a Tool to handle difficulties in English language • A short cut to form logical thought

  6. It is just a useful tool ,a faithful servant Language Grammar

  7. 2. About the book Name: A New English Grammar Coursebook By: 章振邦 • Almost the best grammar course book • A little difficult for students of our level • need to be read 2 times or more

  8. Features of the book: 1.Tense and aspect 2. Means of expressing future time 3. –ing participle and –ed participle 4. non-finite verbs 5. Relative clause instead of attributive clauses Time distribution

  9. Further reading: The book should be appended some reference books like: 1.《张道真英语语法》（全新版） 《实用英语语法》张道真 2.《高级英语语法》薄冰 3. 《新英语语法教程》何桂金，高纪兰 外语教学与研究出版社 4.《大学英语语法手册》张成韦 上海外语教育出版社

  10. About the suggestions: • A note book strongly needed • Pre-reading being extremely essential • Homework being finished in time • Come up with your own problems

  11. What is grammar?

  12. Definition of GRAMMAR GRAMMAR: • the structural system of a language. • the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and morphology (and sometimes also deals with semantics) Linguistics Syntax Morphology Grammar Semantics

  13. Grammatical Hierarchy

  14. Five Ranks • The grammar of the English language is organized into five ranks: the sentence the clause the phrasethe word the morpheme

  15. Diagram of the five ranks: Each rank is composed of one or more than one grammatical unit of the immediate lower rank: Sentence lowest Clause Phrase Word highest Morpheme

  16. A full sentence can generally be segmented rank by rank down to its smallest constituents---the morphemes. Sentence Clause Noun Phrase Verb Phrase Prepositional Phrase Determiner Noun Auxiliary Adverb Main Verb Preposition Determiner Noun Theseundergraduatesarerapidlyimprovingintheirwriting.

  17. 0.1 Morphemes 1.Definition: • the minimum or smallest grammatical unit • the smallest meaningful element of speech.

  18. 2.Classification: Two categories: Free MorphemesBound Morphemes

  19. 1) Free Morphemes 1.Definition: • has a complete meaning • can stand by itself as a Simple Word • Can form Compound Words • Can form Derivatives

  20. 2) Bound Morphemes • are mostly affixes • also meaningful, but the meaning is not complete in itself unless it is attached to some other form • cannot stand by itself: it only exists as an Inflectional or Derivational Affix.

  21. Inflectional Affix • -’s(genitive case) • -s/-es(plural nouns) • -s/-es(the third person singular verbs in simple present) • -ed(past tense verbs) • -ing, -ed(-ing participle, -ed participle form of verbs) • -er, -est(comparative, superlative degree of adjectives/ adverbs)

  22. Derivational Affix • Prefix, Suffix • (Prefix) + Root + (suffix) • co-exist existence co-existence

  23. Free M ＋ Affix Derivative Free morpheme Free M ＋ Free M Compound word Morpheme -’s, -s -ing, -ed/-en-est, -er, -s,-es Inflectional Affix Bound morpheme Affix Prefix Derivational Affix ＋ Root Suffix

  24. 3) Allomorphs Definition: • The variants of the same morpheme are called allomorphs. Explanation: • the same morpheme in different contexts may take different phonological or orthographical forms.

  25. Examples: In Orthography: • in- im- il- ir- • inactive immature illegal irrational • incoherent immortal illogical irregular • inexperienced imperfect illegible irrelevant In phonology: -s cats dogs houses

  26. 0.2 Words • is composed of one or more than one morpheme. • can be classified in two ways: • in terms of word-formation grammatical function

  27. 1. In terms of Word-formation a) Simple Word b) Derivative c) Compound Word

  28. a) Simple Word: also called Morpheme Word (free morpheme) • minor but has frequent appearance and strong derivational ability • the main body of English vocabulary • usually the small word • at on down near hand foot take make

  29. b) Derivative: Structure: (prefix) + root +(suffix) : unkindness PrefixInfluence the meaning of the root SuffixInfluence the part of speech of the root Exceptions: 1. be-, en-/em, a- Influence the part of speech befriend, enable, empower, asleep 2. Some suffixes only change the meaning Friendship, booklet, idealism

  30. c) Compound Word Structure: Free Morpheme + Free Morpheme Classification: • Compound NounCompound AdjectiveCompound VerbCompound AdverbCompound PronounCompound ConjunctionCompound Preposition

  31. 2. In terms of grammatical function • Closed-class words Open-class words

  32. Closed-class words • Definition: Closed-class words refer to those sets of words whose items are closed or limited in number and are only exceptionally extended by the creation of additional members.

  33. Scope: All the Function Words: PrepositionPronounDeterminerConjunctionAuxiliary

  34. Open-class Words Definition: Open-class words refer to those sets of words whose items are indefinitely extendable. New items are constantly being created and old items are giving place to new ones.

  35. Scope: All the Content Words: NounAdjectiveAdverbMain Verb

  36. NOTE: Cardinal Numeral, Ordinal Numeral and Interjection are between closed and open words.

  37. 0.3 Phrases Definition: • is composed of one or more than one word. • is a group of words organized in a specific way with a key Word as its Head. • The word class of the Head determines the class of the phrase and the way in which the words are organized.

  38. Word Class of Phrase : NounPhraseVerbPhraseAdjectivePhraseAdverbPhrasePrepositionalPhrase

  39. 1) The Noun Phrase: • Structure: (Determiner) + (Pre-Modifier) + Noun + (Post-Modifier) • all the college students Noun as the Pre-Modifier Determiner Noun as the Head Determiner

  40. Prepositional Phrase Post-Modifier His new book on phonology • The girl standing under the tree • The author’s new novel that will soon come out Finite Verb Phrase Clause

  41. 2) The Verb Phrase: Simple Verb PhraseComplex Verb Phrase In terms of the amount of verbs Finite Verb PhraseNon-finite Verb Phrase In terms ofgrammatical form

  42. Simple Verb Phrase: Structure: (Modifier) + Main Verb + (Modifier) • She looks pale. • We utterly detested him.

  43. Complex Verb Phrase: Structure: Auxiliary /Auxiliaries + Main Verb + (Modifier) • It is getting dark. • She ought to have told him about it. • Joan will certainly object and so will Mary.

  44. Finite Verb Phrase: A finite verb phrase is initiated by a finite form, that is, a verb form that changes according to Tense or Subject. PersonNumber NumberPerson Tense I loved you. Love  loved Tommy loves Lora. Love  loves The girls lovefairy tales. Love  love

  45. Non-finite Verb Phrase: A non-finite verb phrase is initiated by a non-finite form, that is, a verb form that doesnot change according to Tense or Subject. We went there to see a film. Robert seldom goes there to see a film. Finite Non-finite Andrew will go there to see a film. I usually go there to see a film.

  46. Point out finite and non- finite verb phrases: Having seen the film, we had a discussion. • Painted by a famous artist, the portrait is invaluable. • Tired from studying all afternoon, she went for a walk. • Opening the book slowly and tentatively, she began to read.

  47. 3) The Adjective Phrase: Structure: (Modifier) + Adjective + (Post modifier / Complementation) • The course is pretty difficult. • I’ll be glad to help you repair the car if you show me what’s wrong.

  48. 4) The Adverb Phrase: Structure: (Modifier) + Adverb + (post Modifier) • He spoke loudly and clearly.

  49. 5) The Prepositional Phrase: Structure: (Modifier) + Preposition + Complementation • The weather has been fine except in the north. • Now their footsteps could be heard directly above my head. • We are collecting money for the benefit of some orphans.

  50. 0.4 Clauses: • is composed of one or more than one phrase. • A full-fledged clause is structurallya sequence of phrase and logically a construction of “Subject + Predicate”.

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