THE ENERGY ACCESS SITUATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

1. THE ENERGY ACCESS SITUATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES A Review Focusing on the Least Developed Countries and sub-Saharan Africa November 2009 Sustainable Energy Programme Environment and Energy Group

2. Purpose This report is aimed at drawing attention to the energy access situation in developing countries Access to electricity and modern fuels in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) Fuels and improved stoves used for cooking in developing countries Health impacts attributable to indoor air pollution from household use of solid fuels Developing countries with energy access targets Energy access situation in 2015 under different scenarios

3. Methodology (1/2) Data collection from current, publicly accessible documents, as well as data made available from WHO and IEA (WEO 2009) Indicators collected Electricity Modern fuels Mechanical power Cooking fuels Improved cooking stoves National Rural Urban Current access 140 Developing Countries Target access Estimates of energy access

4. Methodology (2/2) Estimates of energy access in 2015 under 3 different scenarios Base Case Scenario • The proportion of the population with energy access remains the same as currently National Energy Access Targets – Compatible Scenario Energy targets set up in countries are achieved MDG – Compatible Scenario • MDG-related targets for energy access are achieved Diseases from the widespread use of solid fuels expressed in 2 ways Premature Deaths Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)

5. Data availability Number of countries with available data on energy access Number of countries with available data on energy access rates (national level)

6. Share of population without electricity access in rural and urban areas, 2008 Energy access situation in LDCs and SSA Population without access to electricity In developing countries: 1.5 billion people* 28% of the population In LDCs: 824 million people 79% of the population In SSA: 777 million people 74% of the population 10% of the urban population lack access to electricity, compared to 41% of the rural population * World Energy Outlook 2009, OECD/IEA 2009

7. Energy access situation in LDCs and SSA Share of people without electricity access for developing countries, 2008

8. Share of population with access to modern fuels in LDCs and SSA, 2007 Share of population with access to modern fuels in rural and urban areas, 2007 Energy access situation in LDCs and SSA Population with access to modern fuels More than 40% of people rely on modern fuels in developed countries, but only 9 % in LDCs and 17% in SSA There is a large gap between access to modern fuels in rural and urban areas

9. Energy access situation in LDCs and SSA Share of population without access to modern fuels for developing countries, 2007

10. Regional distribution of people relying on solid fuels for cooking, 2007 Fuels used for cooking in developing countries Population primarily relying on solid fuels for cooking In developing countries: 3 billion people 56% of the population In LDCs: 715 million people 89% of the population In SSA: 620 million people 82% of the population Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for more than 20% of people relying on solid fuels as their primary cooking fuel

11. Fuels used for cooking in developing countries Share of population in developing countries relying on different types of cooking fuels, 2007 The majority of people use either wood or gas as their primary fuel for cooking in developing countries Share of population relying on different types of cooking fuels in LDCs and SSA, 2007 Some 70% of people in LDCs and SSA rely on wood and its by-products as primary cooking fuel

12. Improved Cooking Stoves in developing countries Population relying on solid fuels with access to ICSs 27% of the population relying on solid fuels In developing countries: 830 million people In LDCs: 44 million people 6% of the population relying on solid fuels 6% of the population relying on solid fuels In SSA: 33 million people Distribution of people with access to ICSs by developing regions, 2007 More than 2/3 of people who use ICSs for cooking live in China, while sub-Saharan Africa, where more than 80% of people rely on solid fuels, accounts for only 4% of people using ICSs

13. Health impacts of household energy use Burden of disease attributable to indoor smoke from solid fuels: almost 2 million premature deaths per year 99.2% of all deaths attributable to solid fuels In developing countries: 1.94 million deaths 29% of all deaths attributable to solid fuels In LDCs: 577'000 deaths 28% of all deaths attributable to solid fuels In SSA: 551'000 deaths Share by gender of COPD and lung cancer deaths attributable to solid fuel use in adults >30 year • In developing countries • 44% of the deaths are from pneumonia in children under 5 years • 54% from chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) in adults • 2% from lung cancer in adults (as a result of coal use) Globally, women are more affected than men

14. Health impacts of household energy use DALYs attributable to indoor air pollution from solid fuel use Number of Disability-Adjusted Life Years per 1000 capita, for the year 2004 The burden of disease attributable to solid fuel use, as measured by DALYs, is particularly concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa

15. Developing countries with energy access targets Share of countries with electricity access targets by region, 2008 Almost half of developing countries (68 of 140) have established targets for access to electricity Share of countries with targets on access to modern fuels by region, 2007 Share of countries with targets on access to ICS by region, 2008 In contrast, very few countries have set targets for access to modern fuels (17 countries) And even fewer countries have set targets for access to improved cooking stoves (11 countries)

16. Energy access in 2015 under different scenarios Electricity access Achieving MDG-Compatible Scenario or National Targets-Compatible Scenario for electricity access will require providing access to about 1.2 billion additional people in developing countries by 2015 Electricity access in developing countries will rise from 72% at present to 86% in 2015 if national or MDG-related electricity access targets are to be met In LDCs, electricity access would rise from 23% at present to 61% in 2015 if MDG-related electricity access targets are to be met In SSA, electricity access would rise from 27% at present to 64% in 2015 if MDG-related electricity targets are to be met

17. Modern fuels access Energy access in 2015 under different scenarios Achieving MDG-Compatible Scenario will require providing access to modern fuels to 1.9 billion additional people by 2015 Access to modern fuels in developing countries will rise from 42% at present to 71% in 2015 if MDG-related modern fuels targets are to be met In LDCs, access to modern fuels will rise from 9% at present to 55% in 2015 if MDG-related modern fuels targets are to be met In SSA, access to modern fuels will rise from 17% at present to 58% in 2015 if MDG-related modern fuels targets are to be met

18. Key messages (1/3) Access to modern energy services is still low in developing countries and this lack of access disproportionately affects LDCs and SSA Three billion people, i.e. almost half of humanity, rely on solid fuels –traditional biomass and coal – as the available modern energy services fail to meet their needs. More than 80% of people in LDCs and SSA primarily rely on solid fuels, compared to 56% of those in developing countries as a whole. Two million deaths per annum are associated with the burning of solid fuels indoors in unventilated kitchens. Children bear 44 percent of this toll, and among adults women bear 60 percent of the burden. Access to Improved Cooking Stoves is very limited. Less than 7% of people who rely on solid fuels in LDCs and SSA use ICS compared to 27% of people in developing countries as a whole. Almost a quarter of the world’s population still lives in darkness; over 80% of them in South Asia and SSA. More than 70% of people in LDCs and SSA lack access to electricity, compared to 28% of those in developing countries as a whole.

19. Key messages (2/3) Developing countries lag far behind in expanding access to modern energy services to accelerate achievement of the Millennium Development Goals Out of 140 developing countries, 68 countries have established targets for access to electricity, but only 17 countries for access to modern fuels and 5 countries for access to mechanical power. Almost 1.2 billion additional people will need access to electricity and 1.9 billion people will need access to modern fuels by 2015 if the goal of halving the proportion of people living in poverty (MDG 1) is to be met.

20. Key messages (3/3) For universal energy access to be achieved, the global development community must take specific and far-reaching measures to massively upscale initiatives to expand access to modern energy services for the poor and un-served. Continued efforts are required to improve the quantity and quality of statistical information related to energy access. Greater broad-based efforts are needed to expand access to modern energy services, especially for cooking and heating services, as well as to mechanical power in rural and remote areas. Setting targets is a necessary step to provide a framework for tracking progress and accountability. These targets must be part of viable energy strategies, if they are to be realized. Unless massive efforts are made to expand the range, quality, and quantity of energy services available to the poor, countries are unlikely to achieve their development aspirations.