Anna H. Level 3 Distinguished

1. Anna H. Level 3 Distinguished

2. Unmanned Space Missions Unmanned Space Missions • Hi Welcome to my power point presentation! I’m Anna H, I hope you enjoy the show!

3. Unmanned Space Missions • Space has always been a source of intrigue for people on earth. It hasn’t been till the 1950s that anything has ventured off Earth and into the depths of space. Before people could go into space, animals, satellites, and probes had to explore first.

4. Animals In Space: The Russians • Russians- Dogs -Sputnik 2 launched on October 4, 1957 -carrying Laika: the first living organism in space -Laika died in orbit when oxygen ran out; not designed for recovery -Other Cosmo dogs: Chernushka and Zvezdochka (both survived their missions)

5. Animals in Space: America and the Astrochimps • Why Chimps? -mental and physical makeup like that of human’s Training: -trained at the Holloman Aero medical Laboratory in New Mexico -in response to flashing lights they pull levers -a wrong lever results in a mild shock to the chimp -several right answers results in a reward of banana flavored tablets -to experience weightlessness and acceleration the astrochimps train by riding planes and rocket sleds -to experience space capsule isolation the chimps are seated for hours in small chambers - chimps were given intense medical care

6. Animals in Space: Ham • Ham: -three years old, 37 ½ pounds (the heaviest passenger the Mercury carried) Mercury Redstone launched -January 31, 1961Cape Canaveral -Lights and levers located above his couch which he had been trained to use -If a white light flashedcorrect -Given a mild shock if lever was not pulled every 20 seconds, there would be a blue light every two minutes that would warn that a shock was coming if he did not pull another lever -6 ½ min. of weightlessness -force of 14.6 g’s on way back, 18 minute trip -traveled 5,800 mph -Malfunction –booster’s fuel burned too fast -caused Ham to span 421 miles and soar 156 miles -116 miles farther than intended -overshot recovery ships and took on water after landing in the ocean -Ham suffered only a bruised nose (POOR CHIMP!)

7. Animals in Space: SAM, MISS SAM, AND ENOS Sam and Miss Sam -rhesus monkeys -successful operation of capsule escape mission -were recovered from Atlantic ocean Enos -37 lbs. Chimp -shot into orbit on November 29, 1961 -had space levers to push in signal response -scientists wanted to see if prolonged weightlessness would affect performance, it did not -During 2nd sweep of earththings went wrong -set of inverters heated up, as did his cabin - mechanism for controlling capsule movement was using up hydrogen-peroxide fuel supply at rapid rate -capsule brought down after two orbits180 minute trip -his blood pressure went up at the start and stayed up until the end of the trip -was supposed to get a slight shock when he pushed incorrect levers -got a shock when he pushed the right ones -Enos’ trip a success -next Mercury capsule could carry humans

8. Satellites:Important Firsts Sputnik 1 launched on October 4, 1957 by the former USSR -first artificial Satellite -the size of a soccer ball -traveled around Earth every 96 minutes at a height of between 220 km and 930 km -had a small radio transmitter powered by a chemical battery -sent out constant beeping signal that was picked up from all around the worldbattery died in a few days Explorer 1 launched in February 1958 -measured 15cm in diameter -carried radio transmitter and Geiger counter for measuring radiation from space -Findings: Led to discovery of two ring-shaped regions around the earth called the Van Allen Belts (a magnetic field) Vanguard I launched in March 1958 by the USA -tested new power system using solar cells that absorbed sunlight and converted it into electrical power Telestar launched July 10, 1958 by the USA -first communication satellite -cost $3 million -provided Europe with the first live television pictures from America -operated for 1 year

9. Satellites:Uses Today -Link all the parts of the world -can see news almost as it happens -instant telephone communication almost everywhere -transmitting television signals -weather satellites -used to track and predict weather -military purposes -eavesdropping on radio communication -track movements of tanks, ships, and submarines -environmental changes -charting the course of oil slicks -measuring the rate of forest destruction -measuring the loss of vegetation in drought stricken areas -detect a range of chemicals in the atmosphere -monitor pollution -monitor changes to the ozone layer -used to make detailed maps of the Earth’s surface -to help geologists find rare minerals and oil - to help engineers when designing in various parts of the world -their orbit position allows them to collect more data than they could get from the earth -allow scientists to investigate the sun,stars, Earth, planets, and all over space -are equipped with cameras, telescopes, radio receivers, and transmitters

10. Intelsat and IRAS • Intelsat (International Telecommunications Satellite Organization -network of satellites providing worldwide telecommunications -are placed in orbit 35,900 km above the equator the satellite then goes into geostationary orbit: satellite travels around Earth in the time it takes the world to rotate -satellite appears to hover at the same point in the sky Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) launched in 1983 -joint British-Dutch-American project -explored hidden reaches of our galaxy first to discover disks of gas and dust around distant stars that might form new planets -infrared satellite detects faint heat from distant planets -uses liquid helium to keep equipment cool -liquid helium ran out in late 1983 and the satellite broke down

11. Space Probes: Uses -analyzation of moons and planets that cannot (at the time) be reached by humans -pick out landing sights for ships -penetrating a planet’s atmosphere and collecting information about its temperature, winds, soil, and chemical makeup -data transmissioner -photograph transmissioner -exploring other solar systems -observing

12. Space Probes: Visiting Venus -first planet reached by a space probe -Mariner 2- USA launched December 1962 -flew within 35,400 km of the surface -first successful probe -transmitted planet’s temperature (480degrees C, 900 degrees F) -discovered that Venus has hardly any magnetic field -Venera 3- USSR 1965 -designed to land was crushed by atmospheric pressure -Venera 7- USSR 1972 -first probe to land on Venus; was put out of action in 1 hr by very high temp. -Venera 8–USSR 1972landed and transmitted data -Venera 9 + 10- USSR 1975 transmitted first two pictures of Venus’ surface -Pioneer Venus (two of them) USA 1978 1st orbiter carrying radar; mapped much of the surface 2nd multiprobe: did not function on the surface: but measured atmospheric data -Venera 13 USSR transmitted first COLOR pictures from Venus’ surface -Magellan USA August 1990 -provided detailed radar images that covered the whole planet -revealed detail 10xs finer than that of previous probes -also used to study variation in gravity over Venus’ surface

13. Space Probes: Visiting Mars • 1962 USSR attempts failed after launch • 1964 Mariner 3- US’s first attempt; went out of control and is lost •  Mariner 4- Nov 28 • 1965 Mariner 4 reaches Mars, takes pictures, reveals presence of craters • 1971 Mariner 9 reached Mars and went into orbit; transmitted over 7,000 pictures over a the time-period of a year • 1971-1973 USSR made attempts to land on the surface which all failed • 1976 Viking 1 and 2 (USA) -First probe to land successfully on the surface of Mars -Both had orbiter and lander - the two parts separated in orbit -Viking sent back -images, analyzed gases in the atmosphere, chemicals in scoops of soil, wind speed and atmospheric pressure measurements • -Orbiters mapped Martian surface • Rocky the Rover USA launched in 1996 as part of a Mars Global Surveyor Program -scheduled to –monitor the weather -map the surface -look at how minerals are distributed -seven months to get there and approach orbit by aero braking; use of parachutes, rockets and air bags to slow down the spacecraft

14. Space Probes: Visiting Mercury • 1974- Mariner 10 USA • First to visit Mercury • Sent over 600 pictures back on March 29 • Remained over 17 hours • Continued around the sun • Came back 6 months later • Third time in March 1975 -equipment failed; has remained in orbit • first probe to go to more than one planed • Visited Venus on the way back to Mercury

15. Space Probes:Visiting Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Uranus • December 3, 1973 Pioneer 10  USA -flew past 32,000 km above cloud tops -transmitted images, measured the temperature of atoms, and mapped it’s magnetic field December 2, 1974 Pioneer 11 USA -flew past and continued to Saturn -arrived in 1979 and returned images of the planet 1977 Voyager 1 and 2 Voyager 1 explored Jupiter(1979) and Saturn (1980) Voyager 2 explored Jupiter (1979), Saturn (1981), Uranus (1986), and Neptune (1989) October 1989 Galileo reached Jupiter in 1995 1991 Galileo transmitted first close-up images of an asteroid

16. Space Probes:Sounds of the Earth • Each Voyager has a time capsule • Gold plated copper phonograph record with cartridge and stylus and instructions for how to listen • Scientific symbols show where Earth is in Galaxy • Sent in 1977: record should last a billion years • Sounds • Learn about human genes and how our brain works • Listen to Mozart and Chuck Berry • Hello is recorded in 60 different languages • The song of a humpback whale • Recordings of the sounds of -a human’s brain at work -a human’s eyes at work -a human’s muscles at work Also included are photos of humans caring for each other, learning, and making tools and art

17. Explorer 1- Jan 21, 1958 Pioneer 0-Aug 17, 1958 Pioneer 1-Oct 11,1958 Pioneer 3- Dec 6, 1958 Pioneer 4-Mar 3, 1959 Pioneer 5- Mar 11, 1960 Ranger 3- Jan 26, 1962 Ranger 4- Apr 23, 1962 Mariner 2- Aug 27, 1962 Ranger 5- Oct 18, 1962 Ranger 6- Jan 30 1964 Ranger 7- July 28, 1964 Mariner 3- Nov 5, 1964 Mariner 4- Nov 28, 1964 Ranger 8- Feb 17, 1965 Ranger 9- Mar 21, 1965 Pioneer 6- Dec 16, 1965 Surveyor 1- Apr 30, 1966 Lunar Orbiter 1- Aug 10, 1966 CHRONOLOGY OF USA UNMANNED SPACE MISSIONS Pioneer 7- Aug 10, 1966 Surveyor 2- Sep 20, 1966 Lunar Orbiter 3-Feb 5, 1967 Surveyor 3- Apr 17, 1967 Lunar Orbiter 4- May 4, 1967 Mariner 5- June 14, 1967 Surveyor 4- July 14, 1967 Lunar Orbiter 5- Aug 1, 1967 Surveyor 5- Sep 8, 1967 Surveyor 6- Nov 7, 1967 Pioneer 8- Dec 13, 1967 Surveyor 7- Jan 7, 1968 Pioneer 9- Nov 8, 1968 Mariner 6- Feb 24, 1969 Mariner 7- Mar 27, 1969 Mariner 8- May 8, 1971 Mariner 9- May 30, 1971 Pioneer 10- Mar 3, 1972 Pioneer 11- Apr 6, 1973 Mariner 10- Nov 3, 1973 Helios 1- Dec 10, 1974 Viking 1- Aug 20, 1975 Viking 2- Sep 9, 1975 Helios 2- Jan 16, 1976 Voyager 2- Aug 20, 1977 Voyager 1- Sep 5, 1977 Pioneer 12- May 20, 1978 Pioneer 13- Aug 8, 1978 Magellan- May 4, 1989 Galileo- Oct 18, 1989 Hubble Space Telescope-Apr-25, 1990 Ulysses-Oct 6, 1990 Mars Observer- Sep 25, 1992 Clementine- Jan 25, 1994 Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous- 1996 Advanced Composition Explorer Aug 25, 1997 Cassini + Huygens Probe- Oct 15, 1997 Deep Space 1- Oct 15, 1998

18. The development of unmanned space missions is a vital asset in further advancement of space exploration. The time may come when humans may have to travel and live in space in order to survive. The risk of lives, human or animal in this research is no longer necessary in the coming age. In the future space exploration will be more necessary and satellites and space probes will be necessary in order to further exploration. Thank You for watching my Power Point Presentation! I hope you enjoyed the show!