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TCI Chapter 8.5-8.12

TCI Chapter 8.5-8.12. The Beginning of a New Nation Compromises to the Constitution. President Obama’s Farewell Address – LAST YEAR.

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TCI Chapter 8.5-8.12

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  1. TCI Chapter 8.5-8.12 The Beginning of a New Nation Compromises to the Constitution

  2. President Obama’sFarewell Address – LAST YEAR

  3. Which brings me to my final point: Our democracy is threatened whenever we take it for granted. All of us, regardless of party, should be throwing ourselves into the task of rebuilding our democratic institutions. When voting rates in America are some of the lowest among advanced democracies, we should be making it easier, not harder, to vote. When trust in our institutions is low, we should reduce the corrosive influence of money in our politics, and insist on the principles of transparency and ethics in public service. When Congress is dysfunctional, we should draw our congressional districts to encourage politicians to cater to common sense and not rigid extremes. But remember, none of this happens on its own. All of this depends on our participation; on each of us accepting the responsibility of citizenship, regardless of which way the pendulum of power happens to be swinging. Our Constitution is a remarkable, beautiful gift. But it's really just a piece of parchment. It has no power on its own. We, the people, give it power. We, the people, give it meaning. With our participation, and with the choices that we make, and the alliances that we forge. Whether or not we stand up for our freedoms. Whether or not we respect and enforce the rule of law. That's up to us. America is no fragile thing. But the gains of our long journey to freedom are not assured. In his own farewell address, George Washington wrote that self-government is the underpinning of our safety, prosperity, and liberty, but “from different causes and from different quarters much pains will be taken…to weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth.” And so we have to preserve this truth with “jealous anxiety;” that we should reject “the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest or to enfeeble the sacred ties” that make us one.

  4. Who will have the loudest voice? Large States vs. Small States Representation

  5. Virginia Plan (8.5) • James Madison presented this plan • Known as the “Large State Plan” • Under this plan: • Congress (legislative branch/law-making body) • 2 houses: House of Representatives (HOR) & Senate • = Bicameral = two houses (bi=two, cameral=house) • Representation = determined based on population count • Each Representative would have one vote • Bigger State = More People = More Reps = MORE POWER

  6. New Jersey Plan (8.5) • William Patterson presented this plan • Known as the “Small States Plan” • Under this plan: • 3 branches of gov. (legislative, executive, judicial) • One house legislature = unicameral • All states have equal number of reps in Congress • Smaller States = Less People = Same Amount of Reps = Equality

  7. Population of US, 1790 (8.5)

  8. Great Compromise (8.6) • Agreement between the delegates • Under this Compromise: • 2 House Legislature = Bicameral = Congress • Senate = Upper House • Equal Representation by all States (currently 2 per state) • House of Representatives = Lower House • Number of reps based on population (more pop = more reps) • Ensured no one area would take more power • Ensured equal voice in government for all states

  9. How will slaves be counted? Slave States vs. Free States SLAVE POPULATION

  10. Slave Population, 1790

  11. The Three-Fifths Compromise (8.7) • Comprise that states: • 3/5 of slaves would counted towards a state’s population OR each slave counted as 3/5 of a person • Gave slave states increased population • Impacting House of Reps #’s • Since only counted as 3/5, free-states were not at a total disadvantage in Congress • Slaves did not achieve any rights – did not have any say in gov.

  12. Not in your textbook, but also addresses at the Convention Slave Trade & Runaway Slaves

  13. Slave Trade & Runaway Slaves • The Issue: • The North wanted Congress to have control over trade • The South was concerned that would negatively impact the Slave Trade • Will interstate trade be controlled by government? • Would slave trade be banned completely? • What would happen to runaway slaves? • The Compromise: • Congress will not place taxes on exports (tariff) to other countries • Congress will not interfere with slave trade for 20 years (1808) • Runaway slaves had to be returned to their owners if caught.

  14. Aristocrats vs. The Masses Election Compromise

  15. Electoral College (8.9 & 8.10) • The Issue: • Many delegates did not trust the general citizens to choose the President/VP • Some delegates did not think it was fair for Congress to appoint the President • The Compromise: • System was created by which an assembly of delegates, elected by the voters in each state would elect the President • These Electoral Delegates, as they are called, performed the formal duty, at a convention, of electing the president, and now the vice president, of the United States. • Voters choose electors (people who swear to uphold the wishes of the populous…mostly)

  16. Today… • We still use the Electoral College • The Prez & V.P. are officially elected by a large group of delegates that meet every summer prior to the November election. • The delegates vote for the candidate that won the popular vote (the most votes) in their state • So, it is true, and it has happened….this year • That a candidate could win the most votes from the people, but if they don’t win the most electoral votes they could lose the election • Cue 2000 election of Bush v. Gore (271, 266)

  17. Ratify (8.11) • To formally approve or make legal • The process is called Ratification • To be ratified: • 9 of 13 states must approve = 69%

  18. Federalists (8.12) • The believed in: • Control and regulation of big government over the people • This would ensure a sound nation with a strong national government • They were: • Educated and wealthy • Not the masses who they believed would bring chaos & anarchy • They wrote the Federalist Papers • Examples of Federalists include: • James Madison • Father of the Constitution • Alexander Hamilton • Am. Rev. vet. & Secretary of Treasury in WA cabinet • John Jay • negotiated Treaty of Paris

  19. Federalist Papers (8.12) • Written by Federalists • Supporters of a strong national government • Series of essays supporting Constitution • Fed gov. would not overpower states • No one group would control gov. • Overall remedy to Articles of Confederation

  20. Anti-Federalists (8.12) • The believed that: • Constitutional Convention had gone too far in creating new government • Constitution was giving too much power to the national government • They were: • Educated and wealthy • Against the Constitution giving most power to national government • They wanted: • More power to the individual states, hence, the people • A Bill of Rights added that addressed the rights of the people

  21. U.S. Constitution (8.12) • Went into effect June 1788 • DE was 1st state to ratify • RI (under threat of potential of isolation & take over) ratifies last • Madison encourages Bill of Rights • 12 amendments to send to states • adds strength & flexibility to Constitution • December 1791, the 10 amendments added

  22. BrainPop – Constitutional Convention

  23. Processing Questions

  24. Complete the matrix to explain the differences between these two plans of government.

  25. According to the Great Compromise, how are states represented in each house of Congress?

  26. Processing Questions Continued • How many electors does each state have in the Electoral College? • Each state has as many electors as the number of representatives it send to Congress (HOR + SEN) • Explain the major difference between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists. • Federalists believed the country needed a strong central government that can unit the country. Anti-Feds were worried that a strong central government would take away from the rights of the states and the people.

  27. Further Understanding… • Constitutional Compromises: Crash Course Government and Politics #5 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kCCmuftyj8A • Federalists vs Anti-Federalists in Five Minutes • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DnDh9-X12Gc • Federalists v. Anti-Federalists: Ratifying the Constitution (start this at 2:15 – a little lengthier overview) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dG-gUT_ftw

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