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Prepared by: Muhammad Baker Narmin Othman Pishtiwan Abdullah

Sense Relations Synonymy, inclusion, opposites (complementary), antonyms , reverses , converses), nakedness , polarity. Prepared by: Muhammad Baker Narmin Othman Pishtiwan Abdullah. Opposites (Complementary). In traditional terminology, antonyms are words which are opposite in meaning.

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Prepared by: Muhammad Baker Narmin Othman Pishtiwan Abdullah

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  1. Sense RelationsSynonymy, inclusion, opposites (complementary), antonyms , reverses , converses), nakedness , polarity. Prepared by: Muhammad Baker Narmin Othman Pishtiwan Abdullah

  2. Opposites (Complementary) • In traditional terminology, antonyms are words which are opposite in meaning. • There are a number of relations which seem to involve words which are the same time related in meaning yet incompatible or contracting. John Saeed ( 2009:66)

  3. Types of Antonyms 1- Simple Antonyms: This is a relation between words that the negative of one implies the positive of other. The pairs are some times are called complementary pairs or binary pairs. E. G Dead / Alive( of e.g animals) a test )) Pass/ fail Hit/ Miss ( a target)

  4. Types of Antonyms 2- Gradable Antonyms: This is a relationship between opposites where the positive of one term does not necessarily imply the negative of other, E. G Rich/ poor Fast/ Slow Young/ Old

  5. Types of Antonyms Gradable antonyms are typically associated with adjective and have Three major identified characteristics: 1- There are usually intermediate terms. Hot(warm- Tepid – cool) /Cold 2- The terms are usually relatives. A thick pencil is likely to be thinner than a thin girl. 3- In Some pairs one term is more basis and common. Long/ short, how long is it?

  6. Types of Antonyms Orthogonal and Antipodal opposites: • If we consider the oppositions which hold within the set ( North/South, East/ West) we see that they are of two kinds, each of the four members of the set is opposed to two others ( North is opposite to east) orthogonally and (north is oppose to south) antipodally. Orthogonal ( North/ east) Anipodal (North/South)

  7. Reverse Reverses are expressions that denote opposite movements or changes of state. This is not only spatial movement or changes; spatial terms constitute only a small portion of the reverses that exist.  For two terms to be reverses, they must be related the following way:     They denote a movement from A to B, and one from B to A. This distinction is flexible as shown by the reverses tie:untie and enter: leave. The action is not the exact opposite, but in the first case we move between a “state of being tied” to a “state of being untied”. In the second we move between “inside” and “outside”.

  8. Converse Converses are defined as two expression converses of each other if and only if they express the same relation with reversed role ( Sebastian Lobner, 2002,92) . Or If a lexeme describes a relationship between two things (or people) and some other lexeme describes the same relationship when the two things are mentioned in the opposite order, then the two lexemes are CONVERSES of each other For example, ‘in front of’ and ‘behind’ are converses because “if A is further forward than B, we can say either A is in front of B, or B is behind A love – hate below – above

  9. Markedness It is a frequent situation that one expression can serve as its own hyponym (so-called AUTOHYPONYMS). We often find this with names of biological kinds, when gender is a factor. For example, dog is a term for dogs in general, but can also be used for male dogs and is then contrasted with bitch. The noun cow is used for female cattle, but also for cattle in general, whereas bull is used for male cattle only. Then dog and cow are UNMARKED, and bitch and bull are MARKED. The marked .

  10. Markedness The auto hyponym is often the expression that denotes the thing or concept that is considered more typical or more frequent.Markedness distinctions also appear with antonym pairs. For example, with the pair short / tall,the unmarked member is tall. This expression is used in expressions like how tall is he? or he is 4’5” tall, which do not imply that the adjective tall in its absolute sense can be applied at all .

  11. Polarity polarity is a lexical element that can appear only in the environment of a certain licensing context. Polarity items are defined as Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) or Positive Polarity items (PPIs). Simple negation creates a licensing context for most NPIs, while affirmative statements license most PPIs. • To illustrate, consider these sentences using NPIs at all or any. • I didn't like the film at all *I liked the film at all. • John doesn't have any potatoes *John has any potatoes. • In both pairs, the NPIs are licensed by negation. To illustrate a PPI, consider the word somewhat in the following pair: • John liked it somewhat. *John didn't like it somewhat.

  12. Sources • John Said,(2009) Semantics, Blackwell. • F.R. Palmer. (1976). Semantics, Cambridge University press.. • SebastainLobner. (2002). Understanding semantics, Hoddereducation. • John Lyon.(1977) Semantics, Vol. 1, Cambridge. • http://wordmeaning.webnode.com/opposites/reversesandconverses/ • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarity_item

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