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Welcome to Boot Camp

Welcome to Boot Camp. From Sgt. C.J. Soltesz (‘Cobra’). Cameras 101. Chris Soltesz SSE-DS BPSD Sony Electronics, Inc. (817) 417-0126 (214) 669-5861 chris.soltesz@am.sony.com. Cameras 101: Introduction.

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Welcome to Boot Camp

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  1. Welcome toBoot Camp From Sgt. C.J. Soltesz (‘Cobra’)

  2. Cameras 101 Chris Soltesz SSE-DS BPSD Sony Electronics, Inc. (817) 417-0126 (214) 669-5861 chris.soltesz@am.sony.com

  3. Cameras 101: Introduction • “It has been my experience that the dissemination of a little knowledge will achieve one of two possible outcomes. It will either prompt the person learning to go out and gather even more information on the subject, further expanding their knowledge base, or give them a sense of false security and make them a very dangerous source of misinformation.”

  4. Cameras 101: Agenda • Introduction • Camera Technology • Types of Cameras • Camera Design • Lenses • Accessories • Applications • Packages

  5. Cameras 101: Introduction • A Video Camera is responsible for: • Capturing a moving image by accurately reproducing the scene. It’s like a microphone for your eyes

  6. Cameras 101: Camera Parts • Camera Lens • Focuses light onto imager in the Camera • Camera • Light hits prism or filter inside camera • Split by prism or filter and then directed at imager • Imager Translates light information into electricalsignal • Signal can then be transmitted or recorded

  7. Camera Design Single or Multi-Imager Tube Cameras CCD CMOS Imager Size Processing Analog Digital (DSP) Type Studio EFP ENG Image Capture Cameras 101:Camera Design Parameters • Definition/Aspect Ratio • Standard Def. • High Def. • Multi Def. • Form • One Piece • Fixed Lens • Dockable • Convertible • Etc. • Standard • NTSC • PAL • Multi-Std.

  8. Cameras 101: Imagers • Single or Multi-imager cameras • Cameras can generally come in two flavors. One uses a single pickup device and a optical filter to divide the light into red, green and blue to capture the different electrical signals from the three color channels. This type is known as a single CCD (or one chip) camera. • The second uses three separate imagers and a prism to separate the light and capture the corresponding channel. This type is now known as a 3CCD (or three chip) camera. Today’s highest resolution cameras are all 3CCD cameras.

  9. Cameras 101: Imagers • Imager Size • The more light that can be directed on the imager, the better the performance of the camera. A larger imager performs better in low light situations. Early tube imagers were 1”, 2/3”or 1/3”. Today’s 3CCD cameras come in the following sizes: • 2/3” • 1/2” • 1/3” • 1/4” • 1/4.7”

  10. Cameras 101: Imagers • Tube cameras • Early cameras used vacuum tube imagers that translated the optical image focused on the phosphor photosensitive surface of the tube into an electrical signal. Image Orthicons, Saticons, Vidicons, Plumbicons, Newvicons and Trinicons are all different types of cathode ray tube imagers that were used.

  11. Cameras 101: Imagers RCA 5820 Image Orthicon Camera Tube

  12. Cameras 101: Imagers • CCD cameras • Starting in the late 1980’s, charge coupled devices (or CCD’s) replaced vacuum tubes. CCD’s have been continually improved over the last fifteen years, with the greatest gains being made in sensitivity, noise reduction and resolution . The latest imager technology being developed is CMOS, which has the potential to be more cost effective than CCD’s.

  13. Sony CCD Trend of Improvement for Performance 1998 Power HAD CCD 1999 New Construction CCD 1990 On-Chip- Micro lens 2001 Power HAD EX CCD 1985 HAD Sensor ・Internal Lens →High Sensitivity ・Thinner Insulation Film →Low Smear ・Low Dark Current ・E-Shutter ・On-Chip-Lens Technology →High Sensitivity Low Smear ・Re-construction （Gapless） →High Sensitivity ・Further Improvement →High Sensitivity Low Smear Sensor ■HAD Sensor ■Hyper HAD ■Power HAD CCD ■Power HAD EX On-Chip-Micro lens On-Chip-Micro lens On-Chip-Micro lens I’nal Lens Smear Photo-Shielding film Photo-Shielding film Photo-Shielding film Smear Photo-Shielding film Poly Si Poly Si Poly Si Poly Si V-register V-register Sensor V-register Sensor Sensor Sensor V-register Thinner Insulation Film Improved reflection, resulting in less Smear

  14. On-Chip-Micro lens On-Chip-Micro lens Internal Lens Photo-Shielding film Photo-Shielding film Poly Si Poly Si Thinner Insulation Film Sensor V-register Sensor V-register Fig.-2 New CCD Sensor Construction Fig.-1 Power HAD CCD Sensor Construction Improvement of Smear by thinner insulation membrane -125dB (Typical) Power HAD CCD camera　： -140dB (Typical) Power HAD EX CCD camera　　： Improvement of Performance by New Construction CCCD

  15. CCD Improvement (Smear Level) BVP-950FIT BVP-900FIT DVW-790WS BVP-90 BVP375 BVW-D600 DVW-700 BVP-550FIT BVP-500FIT DNW-90/WS -150 MSW-900 BVP-E10 BVP-70IS BVP-370A BVW-400A Virtually No Smear HDW-750 HDC-900 -140 FIT BVP-70 BVP-370 BVW-400 -130 HDC700 HDW700 BVP-900IT BVP-950IT DXC-D35 DVW-707 DVW-709WS -120 BVP-50 DNW-7 DNW-9WS DXC-D30 -110 BVP-550IT BVP-500IT Smear Level (dB) BVP-7A DXC-537 BVW-300A -100 IT BVP-7 DXC-M7 BVW-300 -90 BVP-5 DXC-3000 -80 ’87 ‘88 ’89 ‘90 ’91 ‘92 ’93 ‘94 ’95 ‘96 ’97 ‘98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ‘02

  16. Cameras 101: Imagers • CMOS cameras • CMOS Imaging Technology for motion video has been in development for the last five years. CMOS technology differs from CCD technology in many important areas . CMOS is less expensive to manufacture, uses less power and provides the ability to process pixel by pixel. With the introduction of the Sony HVR-A1U and HVR-V1U, CMOS cameras have arrived at the entry level of professional cameras.

  17. Camera Features: Imager • 3 ClearVid CMOS Sensor System • Sony Original Pixel Interpolation Technology • Higher Sensitivity • Full HD Resolution

  18. 3 ClearVid CMOS Sensor System H:960 V:1080 G/R/B Channels with Sony Original Pixel Layout

  19. Mechanism of the Interpolation Technology

  20. Mechanism of the Interpolation Technology

  21. Mechanism of the Interpolation Technology

  22. 1 2 3 4 1 Pixel Count H:960 2 3 4 V:1080 5 6 7 8

  23. 1 1 2 3 3 5 4 7 2 4 6 8 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 :Interpolated Pixels Pixel Count after Interpolation H: 960 H: 1920 2 Interpolation 3 4 5 6 7 8 V: 1080 V: 1080

  24. 1 3 5 7 2 4 6 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 :Interpolated Pixels Pixel Count after Interpolation H:1920 V:1080

  25. Before Interpolation H:960 V:1080

  26. After Interpolation H:1920 V:1080

  27. Camera Process Diagram Camera Process of the HVR-V1 is 1080/60p 4:2:2 Signal Processing

  28. New!! B&I Exclusive Progressive Scan Progressive Scan is available 60Hz Camcorder 30p 60i p/i conv. Shooting Recording 2-3 pull-down 24p 60i Shooting Recording 50Hz Camcorder 25p 50i p/i conv. Shooting Recording

  29. HVR-V1U 2:3 Pulldown • Same method as Varicam, DVX100, and traditional Telecine • Frame is captured PROGRESSIVELY every 1/24 second • Frame is divided into 2 separate fields • Each field is laid down to tape in a “2:3” cadence, resulting in 60 fields per second • 24 Progressive Frames • 60 Fields (30 Frames)

  30. NLE and 2:3 Pulldown • The NLE “sees” the 2:3 Pulldown • “Tags” and removes the 2:3 pulldown • Enables editing on a 23.98 timeline • Perfect for 24 fps DVD authoring • Essential for Film Out • Great for maintaining “cinema look” throughout post • 2:3 can be added back in for tape output, if desired

  31. Cameras 101: Processing • Analog Processing • The earliest camera designs utilized tube amplifiers. Huge multi-conductor cables connected the imagers to the electronics (they were huge). With the development of the transistor, cameras were able to offer better signal processing in a much smaller form. New developments in IC amplifiers helped, but adding analog amplifiers added noise. Improving camera design by adding advanced signal processing depended upon determining if the benefit would outweigh the noise induced by the processing circuit.

  32. Cameras 101: Processing • Digital Signal Processing (DSP) • Today’s Digital cameras maintain higher image quality by processing the signals digitally. First, the component signals are converted from analog to digital through high quality A-D converters. These converted signals are then processed in the digital domain using advanced >30bit processors. Almost every camera manufactured today uses DSP.

  33. Cameras 101: Processing • DSP (cont.) • The use of Digital Signal Processing allows complex signal manipulation that would not be possible in an analog design. Innovative picture quality improvements showing the benefits of DSP can be seen in features like: Fully adjustable Gamma, 6 vector Matrix, Detail, Knee, Clip, Stretch, Skin Tone Detail, Advanced Pixel Restoration (APR), Fine dark detail and contrast, Total Level Control System, Advanced Diagnostics True-Eye and DynaLatitude.

  34. 12bit A/D -12 bit A/D conversion and signal processing - Better YC and S/N ratio Finer resolution 10 bit 12 bit Better resolution High light part is cut.

  35. 1 A/D C. 8 10 bit D/A C. 10 bit 4 After Gamma A/D C. Up Converter Linear Matrix Gamma Out YC MTX Y. Knee RC Out DTL Mix ~ Output ~ Y Out ~ to ~ PP Ped.Mix Y Clip VTR Knee ~ ~ Out ~ PR in ~ Knee APT Mix Before Gamma RC In ~ DTL Mix RGB Clip Out 10 bits from MSB will be converted to ~ ~ analog as camera output YC Mix In Gamma In VCX-377 DSP Bit Length Stream for Y Signal MSB Most Significant Bit 3 2 2 1 1 1 D1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 bit 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 LSB Least Significant Bit

  36. Cameras 101:Camera Types • Studio and EFP Cameras • Studio Cameras are meant to be kept in the studio. This traditionally would be a large, high performance broadcast camera with a lens specifically designed for close up work. • EFP stands for Electronic Field Production. This camera would have the same performance characteristics as the previous type, but may be of a more portable Camcorder design.

  37. Cameras 101:Camera Types • ENG Cameras • ENG stands for Electronic News Gathering. This type of camera was developed for the rough and tumble Broadcast News industry. Usually a robust Camcorder design, and is meant to operate under all types of weather and lighting conditions. Some Sony ENG camcorders can be configured for studio use (DSR-390, DSR570WS).

  38. Cameras 101:Camera Types • Image Capture • Image Capture cameras do just that and only that. This type of camera has many uses: Security, Image Magnification, Copy Stand, Industrial, Medical, Remote Control, and Videoconferencing use to name just a few.

  39. Cameras 101: Design • Definition and Aspect Ratio • Standard Definition • 720 X 486 (640 X 480) • 4:3 Aspect Ratio • High Definition • 1920 X 1080 or 1280 X 720 • 16:9 Aspect Ratio (widescreen) • Multi-Definition • Both SD and HD • Imager that can provide both • Many of today’s SD Cameras are widescreen • This preserves 16:9 Aspect Ratio for Up-conversion to HD

  40. Cameras 101: Design • Form • One Piece • Camera is a one piece unit • Fixed Lens • Lens is not removable • Dockable • Camera head can docked to different backs for different uses • Convertible • Can be set up for Studio (Box) or ENG Style Style Lenses. Studio design called a Sled. • Etc. • Up to each manufacturer.

  41. Cameras 101: Design • Standard • NTSC • US (and others) Broadcast Video Standard • PAL • European Broadcast Video Standard • Multi-Standard • Both

  42. Cameras 101: Lenses • Lens choices • Critical to overall Camera performance • All Light going to camera must pass through lens • Frequencies of light determined by MTF of Lens • Broadcast and HD Grade Lenses • Must Match Imager size • 2/3” Imager requires 2/3”Lens • ½” Lens Mount design Choices • Hot Shoe • Double Hot Shoe • Aspect Ratio also affects Lens Choice • 20% difference in lens telephoto

  43. Cameras 101: Lenses • Lenses (Cont.) • Lens Manufacturers • Canon and Fujinon most popular • Lens Length/Type • Determined by studio size, camera placement and/or shots required for production • Most ENG lenses today have zoom capabilities that are at least 18X • Wide angle Lenses are also used where space is critical • Rear Lens Control Kits • Accessories for Studio and EFP (OB) Style Shooting • Rear Lens controls are not interchangeable between manufacturers

  44. Cameras 101: Lenses • All Sony ½” and 2/3” cameras have removable lenses • Sony uses standard Bayonet Mount • Lens Models are named by size: • 2/3” Canon “YJ”, “J” (Broadcast), “HJ” (High Def) • 2/3” Fujinon “A”, “HA” (High Def) • ½” Canon “YH”, Fujinon “S” or VCL’s • Smaller lenses (1/3” and C-Mount) are also VCL’s (can be confusing)

  45. Cameras 101: Accessories • Accessories • Camera Adaptor (CA) • Provides for analog or digital signal transmission and control interface to CCU. • Can be sent over Multicore, Triaxial, Fiber or Wireless. • Can also provide audio, prompter, return video and intercom. • Camera Control Unit (CCU) • Provides power to camera and accessories as well as providing remote control of image for adjustment during production. Also provides connection point for signal output. Generally a Studio or OB application.

  46. Cameras 101: Accessories • More Accessories • Remote Control Panel • Provides for remote connection to CCU for shading and control of camera. • Can also connect directly to camera for CCU type performance without need for CCU. Used in EFP. • Viewfinder • The viewfinder is a video monitor that allows the camera operator to see what they are shooting. Can be ENG (smaller for shoulder mounted shooting ) or Studio (larger for standing behind the camera).

  47. Cameras 101: Accessories • Even More Accessories • CCU Interconnection cables • Not included. • Multicore designated CCZAD. • Triax designated CCTA (1/2”) or CCTB (3/8”) • Sold in specific lengths (CCZAD50 with length in meters. • VTR Back • Video tape recorder that mounts to the back of a Dockable Camera Head. Creates camcorder like design. • Latest designs are Disc based.

  48. Cameras 101: Accessories • Still Even More Accessories • Tripod Mounting Plate • Provides quick release mounting point for Tripod. • Tripod or Pedestal • Stable platform to shoot from. • Fluid Head provides smooth pan and tilt. • Intercom Headset • PH8S Headset for CCU-D50, CA-D50.

  49. Cameras 101: Accessories • Could there possibly be any more?? • Batteries • Different batteries for different models • Battery Chargers • Need the correct charger to match the battery • AC Adaptors • For use when you have AC power available. • Camera Cases • Hard or soft cases for shipping cameras and accessories. • Wireless Mics • Do I really need to finish this?

  50. Cameras 101: Applications • Camcorders provide recording capabilities directly onto tape or Disc • Sony Professional/Broadcast Camcorder formats: • DV • DVCAM • Beta SX • MPEG IMX • XDCAM • Digi-Beta • HDV • XDCAM HD • HDCAM

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