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State and Civil Society in Northern Europe Lectures for MISP January 27-28, 2010

State and Civil Society in Northern Europe Lectures for MISP January 27-28, 2010. Docente Mats Rolén. In brief – basic facts. Two becomes five. 1807 – The agreement in Tilsit between Tsar Alexander and Emperor Napoleon

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State and Civil Society in Northern Europe Lectures for MISP January 27-28, 2010

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  1. State and Civil Society in Northern EuropeLectures for MISPJanuary 27-28, 2010 Docente Mats Rolén

  2. In brief – basic facts

  3. Two becomes five • 1807 – The agreement in Tilsit between Tsar Alexander and Emperor Napoleon • 1808/09 Russia attacks Sweden. Gets Finland that becomes a russian Grand Duchy, but keeps the Swedish Law (until 1963!) • 1812 Sweden joins the enemies of Napoleon and gets Norway 1814 as conpensation • 1815 the new boarders confirmed in Vienna

  4. …but the road was troublesome • 1849, 1863-64 Denmark is defeated by Preussia. Loses Slesvig county…but gets a part of it back 1920 (after WW I) • 1905 A peaceful breaking up of the union between Norway and Sweden • 1917 Finland declares independece from Russia; follows by civil war 1918 • 1939 Finland is attacked by the Soviet-Union; the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact

  5. 1940 Germany occupies Denmark and Norway until May 1945 • 1941 Finland supports German attack on Soviet; cease-fire 1944 • 1944 June 6, D-Day • End of WW II in Europe, May 9 • Denmark, Norway and Iceland joins NATO 1949, Sweden and Finland stay neutral, but Finland is under Soviet pressure until the 1980’s. • 1989 The fall of the Berlin wall • Denmark (1973), Finland and Sweden (1995) become members of the EU

  6. Milestones in politics • Sweden loses Finland 1809; revolution and dethronement of the King; new constitution; election of field marshall Bernadotte of France as crown prince • 1814 Norway claims independence from Denmark, but is forced into a union with Sweden (-1905) • 1840-60’s liberal reforms in business and the public sphere; freedom of belief • 1866 A modern two-chamber parliament • 1914-18 Political and ”public” struggles for universal sufferage and parlamentarism; the revolutionary era

  7. 1921 First elections with universal sufferage; liberals and socialists gains a lot • 1971 Parlamentary reform: One Chamber • 1974 New constitution: The king gets a symbolic role; ”master of ceremonies” and PR • 1995 Sweden member of the EU

  8. The Popular Movements – one part of the making of modern Sweden • 1850-1920 transformation of the traditional society; from ”Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft”; Sweden becomes a class society • Strong population growth, especially in rural areas; mass-emigration to USA 1860-1930 (ca 1,5 mill.) • 1840-70 end of proto-industrial era, industrialisation starts; forest-industries, mines, private and state investments in infrasystems • Fast urbanisation • The Popular Movements – the free church movement, the temperance movement and the labour movement; protest movements but also progressive driving forces in the modernisation process

  9. Socital context • From Vertical: God, Church, King, Father-Son, Master-Servant • …to Horisontal Solidarity: In the congregation, the lodge and the trade union • The new movements represented or offered democracy in an un-democratic society (before the 1920’s)

  10. Chronolgy • Free churches, started 1840-70, maximum ca 1910 • The Temperance Movement (an import from the US!), maximum 1920-30’s • The labour movement started ca 1880, very strong after 1910; still the strongest movement • The popular movements gradually influenced the public political life and played important roles in the struggle for political reforms 1900-20

  11. After the universal suffrage… • Sweden has since the 1920’s high voting rates in political elections. Still (2006) over 80 %. • The Popular Movements (SAP) has played a big role and took (some claim) control over the state for many decades • All parties and PM’s now have lost a lot of their members. But does this also relflect less interest for peoples engagement in civil society? • More one-issue activities! Sports and culture. • Are young people socialised and engaged in democratic work? • What do we care about today?

  12. The welfare state and the civil society • The strong welfare system (Gidden’s: The North European Model) has been SAP’s key element since the 1930’s, especially after 1950. Strong economic growth and high taxes – up to mid 1970’s – allowed for big public investments in health care, schools, social security, infrasystems etc. • Philantrophy hardly visible in the public debate during the 20th century (but existed according to Lars Svedberg et al.) • The labour movement was the architect of the ”peoples home” and still is its strongest guardian • And what do we see between the public sector and the market? Why all this ”new” talk about a civil society – also in Sweden? A help to the state/public sphere? • But then came the financial crisis…

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