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Report Writing

Report Writing. Report Writing. Report Writing----Involves a Process which Produces a Written Document Raises Questions: How To Write? No Fixed Answer: General Suggestions. Theory VS Practice. Theory VS Practice---General Debate Both Are Inter-Related

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Report Writing

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  1. Report Writing

  2. Report Writing • Report Writing----Involves a Process which Produces a Written Document • Raises Questions: How To Write? • No Fixed Answer: General Suggestions

  3. Theory VS Practice • Theory VS Practice---General Debate • Both Are Inter-Related • How to Write? Learn By Writing---Cannot Avoid • How To Write? Some Suggestions, Tips, Right Steps • Helpful---Efficiency in Academic Research

  4. Research Proposal • Writing Begins with Research Proposal • Critical---Brings Clarity in Ideas, Issues, Scope and Organization of Study • Writing Report: About Central Ideas, Issues, Areas of Concern • Discussion of RP: Sort out Practical Issues

  5. Objective • Examples: • The objective of this study is to explain the fall of ethno-national movements in Pakistan • The purpose of this paper is to study the role of the state in economic development in South Asia in the post-cold war period • Other Terms: Problem Definition, Problem Statement

  6. Significance • Why to Study This Issue: Make A Claim • Theoretical Significance • Practical Significance

  7. Literature Review • Claim and Proof Question • Proof Of Your Claim---Gap in the Literature

  8. Overview of Argument • Argument (Hypothesis) • Theoretical Argument • Empirical Argument

  9. Methodology • How will you prove your hypothesis? • How will you test your hypothesis?

  10. Organization • Parts of the study, Content? • The way they are organized • Linkage Between Parts

  11. Definitional IssuesPart of Research Report • Theme: Broad Idea, Broad Area under Discussion, Subject Matter of Conversation • Theme of A Conference: Stability in South Asia • Rise of Terrorist Movements in South Asia • Political Stability and Foreign Investment in Pakistan • Theme of Book: Clash of Civilization

  12. Definitional Issues • Central Thesis? • Example: Stability (or other public goods such as peace, open seas, international trade, etc.) is provided by hegemons because they benefit most from it. • Thesis: Idea, Hypothesis, Argument, Main Point • Argument: Not only hypothesis, idea but also elaboration of mechanisms through which this occurs

  13. Thesis • Example: The globalization is so powerful that it is changing local culture in developing countries • The attack on video shops in Pakistan is an expression of the resistance of the local culture against the global culture. • Ideas, Hypotheses, Concepts, Phenomena

  14. Thesis Statement 1. A Short Statement of the Thesis---One or Two Sentences 2. A Statement Which Presents Brief Argument to Reader • A Theoretical Premise to be Proven • A (Theoretical) Position ( or Claim you Make) on the Subject • A Statement which Identifies the Purpose and Previews Main Ideas and Argument of the Study • A Guide (Roadmap) for Reader

  15. Report WritingGeneral Guidelines • Why Report Writing? Sharing Results, Building Knowledge • Thinking As Early As Possible • Preserve Notes, Data

  16. Report WritingGeneral Guidelines • Original Research Question? Central Issue? • Unit of Analysis---Ecological Fallacy • Be Clear about Findings and Conclusions • Data Evaluation, Interpretation, Conclusions

  17. Report WritingGeneral Guidelines • Many Parts of Report---Organization Thoughts Important • Pre-Writing Stage: Arrange Notes, Outline (Main Ideas, Contents of Parts) • Composing (First Draft---Free Writing, Complete Report • Rewriting---Improvements, Discussion, Coherence, Errors, Citations, etc.

  18. Report WritingGeneral Guidelines • Parts of Report---Organization • Introduction: Objective (Problem Identification, Reason for Research, Research Questions, Brief Argument, Description of Procedures) • Discussion of Data, Material----Different Areas, Linkages, Relationships, Conclusions (Chapters, Sections, Headings, Subheadings)

  19. Report WritingGeneral Guidelines • Restate Relationships, Meanings Found in Data • Relate Findings to Original Research Question • Draw Conclusions: Specific, General (Restate Empirical Findings, General Issues, Broad Context) • Policy Implications, Future Research Areas

  20. Report WritingGeneral Guidelines • Clarity and New Ideas---Process of Writing • Limit Conclusions----Supported By Evidence • Writer’s Block---Mind Goes Blank (Solution: Break) • No Perfection

  21. Report WritingGeneral Guidelines • Clarity, Accuracy, Reflection of Logical Thinking, Step-By-Step Discussion, Coherence, Organization • Reflects Good Understanding of Substantive (theory and data) and Methodological Areas • Use of Technical Terms

  22. Report WritingGeneral Guidelines • Avoid Repetition • Avoid Wordiness, Flowery Language • Avoid Moralizing Style, Advocacy Research • Avoid Plagiarism—a Form of Cheating • Golden Principle: Apprenticeship---Role of Supervisor

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