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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Overview of the Urinary System Urinary System The Kidneys Physiology of the Kidneys Urine ] Urine Transport, Storage, and Elimination Urinary System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Urinary System > Overview of the Urinary System Overview of the Urinary System • Overview of the Urinary System Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/urinary-system-25/overview-of-the-urinary-system-238/

  6. Urinary System > The Kidneys The Kidneys • Location and External Anatomy of the Kidneys • Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys • Supply of Blood and Nerves to the Kidneys • Nephron, Parts, and Histology Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/urinary-system-25/the-kidneys-239/

  7. Urinary System > Physiology of the Kidneys Physiology of the Kidneys • Overview of Urine Formation • Glomerular Filtration • Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate • Tubular Reabsorption • Tubular Secretion Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/urinary-system-25/physiology-of-the-kidneys-240/

  8. Urinary System > Urine Urine • Physical Characteristics of Urine • Chemical Composition of Urine • Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume • Urinalysis • Renal Clearance Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/urinary-system-25/urine-241/

  9. Urinary System > Urine Transport, Storage, and Elimination Urine Transport, Storage, and Elimination • Overview of Urine Transport, Storage, and Elimination • Ureters • Urinary Bladder • Urethra • Micturition and the Micturition Reflex • Waste Management in Other Body Systems Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/urinary-system-25/urine-transport-storage-and-elimination-242/

  10. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. Urinary System Key terms • adrenal glandTwo glands that are responsible for releasing hormones in response to stress, such as catecholamines, and that also produce aldosterone, a renal system hormone. • antidiuretic hormoneA hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland that increases water retention to decrease urine volume and decrease plasma osmolarity. • bilirubinA bile pigment that is a product of the breakdown of the heme portion of hemoglobin, that is processed into bile by the liver. • Bowman's capsuleA cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney. • Bowman's capsuleA cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney. • collecting ductA system of the kidneys that consists of a series of tubules and ducts that connect the nephrons to the ureter. • diabetesA group of endocrine diseases whereby a person has high blood sugar due to an inability to produce, metabolize, or respond to the hormone insulin. • diureticA substance that increases urine volume and increases plasma osmolarity, often by inhibiting ADH secretion to prevent water reabsorption in the nephron. • glomerulusA small, intertwined group of capillaries within the nephrons of the kidney that filter the blood to make urine. • glomerulusA small, intertwined group of capillaries within nephrons of the kidney that filter the blood to make urine. • glomerulusA small, intertwined group of capillaries within nephrons of the kidney that filter the blood to make urine. • hydrostatic pressureThe pushing force exerted by the pressure in a blood vessel. It is the primary force that drives glomerular filtration. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. Urinary System • lumenThe inside space of a tubular structure, such as an artery or intestine. • micturitionAlso known as urination, this is the ejection of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body. • NA+/K+ ATPaseAn ATPase pump that consumes ATP to facilitate the active transport of ions in filtrate of the nephron. • nephronThe basic structural and functional unit of the kidney that filters the blood in order to regulate chemical concentrations and thereby produce urine. • nephronThe basic structural and functional unit of the kidney that filters the blood in order to regulate chemical concentrations and produce urine. • osmoregulationThe most important function of the renal system, in which blood volume, blood pressure, and blood osmolarity (ion concentration) is maintained in homeostasis. • osmotic pressureThe pressure exerted by proteins that attracts water. Water tends to follow proteins based on an osmotic pressure gradient. • penisThe male sexual organ for copulation and urination; also the tubular portion of the male genitalia (excluding the scrotum). • peri-tubular capillariesThe capillaries through which components of filtrate are reabsorbed from the lumen of the nephron. • peristalsisThe rhythmic, wave-like contraction of smooth muscle tissue that can propel substances through the many muscular tubes of the body. • peritubular capillariesTiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephrons, allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron. • proximal tubuleThe first and primary sort of water and ion reabsorption in the kidney, where all glucose in the blood is reabsorbed. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. Urinary System • reflexAn automatic response to a simple stimulus that does not require mental processing. • renal arteryThese arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. • Renal clearanceThe rate at which a substance is removed from the plasma via renal system activity over a unit of time. • renal cortexThe outer region of the kidney, between the renal capsule and the renal medulla, that consists of a space that contains blood vessels that connect to the nephrons. • renal medullaThe inner-most region of the kidney, arranged into pyramid-like structures, that consists of the bulk of nephron structure. • renal veinThe veins that drain the kidney and connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava. • transitional epithelial tissuesEpithelial tissues that can change between columnar and squamous forms that are found in the ureters and the cervix. • trigoneA triangle-shaped part of an organ, such as the bottom of the bladder. • ureaA water-soluble organic compound, CO(NH2)2, formed by the metabolism of proteins and excreted in the urine. The liver converts ammonia to urea. • ureterThese are two long, narrow ducts that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. • ureterThese are two long, narrow ducts that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. • urinalysisAlso known as routine and microscopy (R&M), this is an array of tests performed on urine, and one of the most common methods of medical diagnosis. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. Urinary System • urinalysisA urinalysis (UA), also known as Routine and Microscopy (R&M), is an array of tests performed on urine, and one of the most common methods of medical diagnosis. • urinary bladderAn elastic, muscular sac situated in the pelvic cavity, into which urine from the kidneys is stored prior to disposal by urination. Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits via the urethra. • urinary castTiny structures formed from bound abnormal cells and molecules within the nephrons that are excreted in urine. • urineA liquid excrement consisting of water, salts, and urea that is made in the kidneys then released through the urethra. • urineA liquid excrement that consists of water, salts, and urea, and is made in the kidneys then released through the urethra. • urineA liquid excrement consisting of water, salts, and urea that is made in the kidneys then released through the urethra. • urineA liquid excrement consisting of water, salts, and urea, which is made in the kidneys then released through the urethra. • urineA liquid excrement consisting of water, salts, and urea, which is made in the kidneys then released through the urethra. • vaginaA fibromuscular tubular tract that is the female sex organ and has two main functions: sexual intercourse and childbirth. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. Urinary System Urinary tract The transport and removal of urine from the body follows the urinary tract. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Urinary_tract_en.png."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_system#/media/File:Urinary_tract_en.pngView on Boundless.com

  16. Urinary System The urinary bladder The urinary bladder is composed of several layers of tissue that facilitate urine storage and expulsion. The associated structures of the urinary and male reproductive tract are labelled. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Illu bladder."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_bladder.jpgView on Boundless.com

  17. Urinary System Urinalysis White blood cells seen under a microscope from a urine sample. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Urinalysis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UrinalysisView on Boundless.com

  18. Urinary System The lungs The lungs are responsible for the removal of gaseous waste from the body. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Lungs (animated)."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lungs_(animated).gifView on Boundless.com

  19. Urinary System The basic physiology of a nephron within a kidney The labels are: 1. Glomerulus, 2. Efferent arteriole, 3. Bowman's capsule, 4. Proximal tube, 5. Cortical collecting tube, 6. Distal tube, 7. Loop of Henle, 8. Collecting duct, 9. Peritubular capillaries, 10. Arcuate vein, 11. Arcuate artery, 12. Afferent arteriole, and 13. Juxtaglomerular apparatus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Nephron illustration."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nephron_illustration.svgView on Boundless.com

  20. Urinary System Normal kidney physiology This illustration demonstrates the normal kidney physiology, showing where some types of diuretics act, and what they do. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Renal Diuretics."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Renal_Diuretics.gifView on Boundless.com

  21. Urinary System Summary of the process of urine formation As the fluid flows along the proximal convoluted tubule useful substances like glucose, water, salts, potassium ions, calcium ions, and amino acids are reabsorbed into the blood capillaries that form a network around the tubules. Many of these substances are transported by active transport and energy is required. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Anatomy and physiology of animals Summary of the processes involved in the formation of urine."CC BY-SA 3.0http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_and_physiology_of_animals_Summary_of_the_processes_involved_in_the_formation_of_urine.jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. Urinary System Physiology of the nephron Diagram showing the basic physiologic mechanisms of the kidney. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Physiology of Nephron."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Physiology_of_Nephron.pngView on Boundless.com

  23. Urinary System Human urinary system 1) Human urinary system. 2) Kidney. 3) Renal pelvis. 4) Ureter. 5) Urinary bladder. 6) Urethra (left side with frontal section). 7) Adrenal gland vessels. 8) Renal artery and vein. 9) Inferior vena cava. 10) Abdominal aorta. 11) Common iliac artery and vein with transparency. 12) Liver. 13) Large intestine. 14) Pelvis. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Urinary system."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urinary_system.svgView on Boundless.com

  24. Urinary System Location of urethral orifice in females Location of the external urethral orifice in adult females. between the vestibule and the vaginal orifice. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Micturition reflex."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micturition_reflex%23PhysiologyView on Boundless.com

  25. Urinary System Female urethra A depiction of a female urethra. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks."Human Physiology/The Urinary System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System%23UrethraView on Boundless.com

  26. Urinary System Male urethra A detailed view of the male urethra. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks."File:Gray1142.png - Wikibooks, open books for an open world."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gray1142.png&filetimestamp=20051111182253View on Boundless.com

  27. Urinary System Components of the renal system Here are the major organs of the renal system. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks."Human%20Physiology/The%20Urinary%20System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System%23IntroductionView on Boundless.com

  28. Urinary System The kidneys Human kidneys viewed from behind with the spine removed. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Gray1123."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1123.pngView on Boundless.com

  29. Urinary System Tubular secretion Diagram showing the basic physiologic mechanisms of the kidney and the three steps involved in urine formation. amely filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Urine formation."CC BY-SAhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Physiology_of_Nephron.pngView on Boundless.com

  30. Urinary System Kidney structure The kidney is made up of three main areas: the outer cortex, a medulla in the middle, and the renal pelvis. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."Robert Bear and David Rintoul, Urinary System. January 14, 2014."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m47445/latest/View on Boundless.com

  31. Urinary System Blood supply to the kidneys The renal arteries branch off of the abdominal aorta and supply the kidneys with blood. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Kidneys."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kidneys.jpg%23fileView on Boundless.com

  32. Urinary System Glomerulus structure A diagram showing the afferent and efferent arterioles bringing blood in and out of the Bowman's capsule, a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Bowman's capsule."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowman's_capsuleView on Boundless.com

  33. Urinary System Reabsorption throughout the nephron A diagram of the nephron that shows the mechanisms of reabsorption. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Kidney_nephron_molar_transport_diagram.svg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collecting_duct_system#/media/File:Kidney_nephron_molar_transport_diagram.svgView on Boundless.com

  34. Urinary System Glomeruluar filtration The glomerulus (red) filters fluid into the Bowman's capsule (blue) that sends fluid through the nephron (yellow). GFR is the rate at which is this filtration occurs. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Renal_corpuscle.svg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulus_(kidney)#/media/File:Renal_corpuscle.svgView on Boundless.com

  35. Urinary System Tubular secretion Diagram showing the basic physiologic mechanisms of the kidney and the three steps involved in urine formation. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Urine formation."CC BY-SAhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Physiology_of_Nephron.pngView on Boundless.com

  36. Urinary System Attribution • Wikipedia."urinary system."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/urinary%20system • Wiktionary."ureter."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ureter • Wikibooks."Human Physiology/The Urinary System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System%23Introduction • Wiktionary."transitional."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transitional • Wiktionary."urine."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/urine • Wiktionary."peristalsis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peristalsis • Wikibooks."Human Physiology/The Urinary System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System%23Ureters • Wikipedia."Urinalysis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinalysis • Wikipedia."Urinalysis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinalysis • Wikipedia."urinalysis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/urinalysis • Wiktionary."urine."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/urine • Wiktionary."ureter."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ureter • Wiktionary."urinary bladder."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/urinary_bladder • Wikibooks."Human Physiology/The Urinary System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System%23Formation_of_Urine • Wikipedia."peritubular capillaries."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/peritubular%20capillaries • Wikipedia."collecting duct."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/collecting%20duct • Wiktionary."lumen."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lumen Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  37. Urinary System • Wikibooks."Human Physiology/The Urinary System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System%23Secretion • Wiktionary."Bowman's capsule."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Bowman's_capsule • Wikipedia."Renal physiology."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_physiology • Wikipedia."tubular fluid."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tubular%20fluid • Wiktionary."urine."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/urine • Wikibooks."Human Physiology/The Urinary System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System%23Reabsorption • Wiktionary."penis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/penis • Wikipedia."vagina."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vagina • Wiktionary."urine."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/urine • Wikibooks."Human Physiology/The Urinary System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System%23Urethra • Wikipedia."capsule."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/capsule • Wikipedia."glomerulus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/glomerulus • Wikibooks."Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Urinary System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Urinary_System%23The_Production_Of_Concentrated_Urine • Wiktionary."antidiuretic hormone."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antidiuretic_hormone • Wiktionary."Bowman's capsule."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Bowman's_capsule • Wikipedia."glomerulus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/glomerulus • Wikibooks."Human Physiology/The Urinary System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System%23Glomerular_Capsule_or_Bowman.27s_Capsule • Wikibooks."Human Physiology/The Urinary System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System%23Glomerulus • Wiktionary."reflex."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reflex Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  38. Urinary System • Wikipedia."vagina."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vagina • Wiktionary."urine."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/urine • Wikibooks."Human Physiology/The Urinary System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System%23Ureters • Wiktionary."red blood cell."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/red_blood_cell • Wiktionary."diabetes."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diabetes • Wiktionary."urine."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/urine • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://cms.boundlesslearning.com/moduleassignments/show?module_assignment_id=4fbe7e0fe4b02abfc1e84c12 • Wikipedia."renal artery."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/renal%20artery • Wikipedia."Kidney."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney • Wikipedia."renal vein."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/renal%20vein • Wikipedia."renal plexus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/renal%20plexus • Wikibooks."Human Physiology/The Urinary System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System%23Renal_Vein • Wikipedia."glomerulus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/glomerulus • Wiktionary."urine."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/urine • Wikipedia."glomerular filtrate."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/glomerular%20filtrate • Wikibooks."Human Physiology/The Urinary System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System%23Filtration • Wikibooks."Human Physiology/The Urinary System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System%23Filtration • Wiktionary."Bowman's capsule."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Bowman's_capsule • Wikibooks."Human Physiology/The Urinary System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System%23Nephrons Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  39. Urinary System • Wiktionary."nephron."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nephron • Wikipedia."glomerulus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/glomerulus • Wikibooks."Human Physiology/The Urinary System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System%23Nephrons • Wikipedia."Kidney."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney • Wiktionary."nephron."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nephron • Wiktionary."renal cortex."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/renal_cortex • Wiktionary."renal medulla."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/renal_medulla • OpenStax CNX."Robert Bear and David Rintoul, Urinary System. January 14, 2014."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m47445/latest/ • Wikibooks."Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Urinary System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Urinary_System • Wiktionary."renal pelvis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/renal_pelvis • Wikipedia."adrenal gland."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/adrenal%20gland • Wiktionary."retroperitoneal."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/retroperitoneal • Wikibooks."Human Physiology/The Urinary System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System%23Kidneys_And_Their_Structure • Wikipedia."Kidneys."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneys%23Location • Wikipedia."Kidneys."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneys%23Location • Wikipedia."Liver."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver • Wikipedia."Excretory system."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretory_system • Wiktionary."bilirubin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bilirubin • Wiktionary."urea."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/urea Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  40. Urinary System • Wikipedia."Urine."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine%23Characteristics • Wikipedia."urinalysis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/urinalysis • Wikipedia."micturition."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/micturition • Wiktionary."urine."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/urine • Wikipedia."Renal clearance."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_clearance • Wikipedia."Renal clearance."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_clearance • Wiktionary."nephron."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nephron • Wiktionary."kidney."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kidney • Wiktionary."Bowman's capsule."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Bowman's_capsule • Wikipedia."macula densa."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/macula%20densa • Wikipedia."Renal function."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_function • Wikipedia."clearance rate."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/clearance%20rate • Wikibooks."Human Physiology/The Urinary System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System%23Glomerular_Capsule_or_Bowman.27s_Capsule • Wikibooks."Human Physiology/The Urinary System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System%23Glomerular_Capsule_or_Bowman.27s_Capsule • Wikibooks."Human Physiology/The Urinary System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System%23Glomerular_Capsule_or_Bowman.27s_Capsule • Wikipedia."Micturition reflex."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micturition_reflex%23Physiology • Wikipedia."Micturition."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micturition • Wikipedia."micturition."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/micturition • Wiktionary."urine."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/urine Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  41. Urinary System • Wiktionary."cerebral cortex."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cerebral_cortex Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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