Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration

1. Renaissance, Reformation, & Exploration

2. New Age of Human Achievement • Characteristics • Renaissance = Rebirth • 1300s – 1600s • Assimilation of classical ideas of ancient Greece and of the Arabic world

3. New Age of Human Achievement • Came through Italy • Venice’s and the merchant Republics’ relationship with the Middle East • Scholars searching the libraries of the world for works of ancient Greece • Black Death encouraged secularism because of the Catholic Church’s inability to stop the disease

4. New Age of Human Achievement • Characteristics • Individualism - moral, political, or social outlook that stresses human independence • Also increasing urban areas made these changes across society

5. Urbanism • Italian City-States • Milan – ruled by the Visconti dukes • Venice – ruled by the merchants who elected a Doge • Florence – ruled by the De’ Medici family

6. New Age of Human Achievement • Niccolò Machiavelli • Wrote The Prince • Said that rulers should do things for the sake of the state • Old writers stressed that rulers must behave based on Christian morals

7. Secular Humanism • humanist philosophy that upholds reason, ethics, and justice, and specifically rejects the supernatural and the spiritual as warrants of moral reflection and decision-making • a non-religious life stance focusing on the way human beings can lead good and happy lives

8. Education • Many intellectuals wrote books and open schools based on their ideas • Liberal Studies • They believed studying these liberal arts let people reach their full potential

9. Math and Science • Created the square root, and positive and negative numbers • Architecture brought new forms of engineering • Rediscovered astronomy and our heliocentric solar system • Galileo was excommunicated by the church for writing that the earth revolved around the sun

10. Renaissance Literature • Dante • The Divine Comedy • William Shakespeare • Wrote plays in comedic, historic, and tragedy forms • Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Julius Caesar

11. Miguel de Cervantes • Wrote the comedic romance story of Don Quixote

12. Rebirth of Art • Realistic style • Developed by a fresco painter • Painting becomes technical even mathematical • Investigation of movement and human anatomy • Human Nudes

13. Masters of the High Renaissance • Leonardo da Vinci • Realistic painting • Dissected human bodies to see how nature worked • Raphael • Perfected perspective • Michelangelo • Sistine Chapel ceiling • The David

14. Leonardo da Vinci

15. Raphael

16. Michelangelo

17. Northern Masters Albrecht Dürer Ritter, Tod und Teufel

18. Jan van Eyck Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride

19. Protestant Reformation • “…I do not accept the authority of popes and councils, for they have contradicted each other—my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise. God help me. Amen.” -Martin Luther

20. Before Luther • Christian Humanism • Goal: Reform the Catholic Church • Combine reason and faith • Erasmus • Belief: “the philosophy of Christ” • Live good lives, no need for salvation • Internal religious validation

21. The Church Before Reformation Popes failed the people spiritually Popes gained military power Popes more worried with money Sold indulgences (buying salvation to raise money for the Church)

22. Martin Luther • Was a monk and professor in Wittenberg, Germany • Believed humans were not saved by good works • But through faith in God alone • Justification by Faith

23. 95 Theses • Luther was upset about the selling of indulgences • Especially upset at Johann Tetzel • On Oct. 31, 1517, Luther nailed his 95 theses to the Church door in Wittenberg • Got help from the German princes • Kept only two sacraments (communion and baptism)

24. excommunicated • Was made an outlaw by the Edict of Worms • Went into hiding and his beliefs spread throughout N. Europe • Lutheran Churchbegan

25. Zwingli Switzerland reformer; less elaborate church services and decorations; no relics John Calvin Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion Agreed on justification by faith But believed in predestination Predetermination by God on who will go to Heaven and those who will go to Hell Became stronger than Lutheranism

26. Henry VIII Split with the Catholic Church because the pope refused to annul one of his marriages Created the Church of England Became the Anglican Church (Episcopal)

27. Anabaptists Did not like princes or kings having so much power in the church Adult baptism not infant Each church chose its own leader Were persecuted by Catholics and other protestants alike

28. Catholic Reformation • The Society of Jesus, Jesuits • Started by Ignatius of Loyola • Missionaries used education to teach and spread Catholic doctrine • Papal Reform • Stopped corruption of the past • Council of Trent • Faith and good works needed for salvation • Indulgences forbidden

29. Results of the Protestant Reformation • Religious Conflicts throughout Europe • Thirty Year’s War between France and different kingdoms within the Holy Roman Empire (Germany) and a decades long civil war in France between the Huguenots and the Catholics that ended with the Edict of Nantes, declaring religious freedom except in Paris

30. Church leaders reform the Catholic Church • Missionaries start to spread Catholicism more after renewed vigor from the Catholic Reformation • Northern Europe becomes largely Protestant • Protestant churches practice self-government (except in England) • The idea of federalism starts within these churches and spreads to local governments • Especially in Switzerland