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A firm foundation: better seed, practices and food

A firm foundation: better seed, practices and food. A firm foundation: better seed, practices and food. R. M. Trethowan. R Trethowan. Wheat as an example. 1. Creating the genetic potential for better food - stepwise exploitation of genetic diversity - efficient breeding strategies

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A firm foundation: better seed, practices and food

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  1. A firm foundation: better seed, practices and food • A firm foundation: better seed, practices and food R. M. Trethowan R Trethowan

  2. Wheat as an example • 1. Creating the genetic potential for better food • - stepwise exploitation of genetic diversity • - efficient breeding strategies • - collaboration • 2. Realizing the genetic potential for better food • - exploiting genotype x crop management x environment interactions

  3. Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food More food first: wheat production areas with high (P > 50%) to low probability (P < 20%) of occurrence of drought stress High Intermediate Low CIMMYT (2006)

  4. Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food Stepwise exploitation of genetic resources Adapted cultivars Landraces Related species (crossable) Alien species

  5. Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food More food first: genetics of wheat yield potential in northwestern NSW Association analysis of a commercial wheat breeding program Based on 300 parents & derived progeny tested in multi-environment trials over 3 years Atta et al 2013

  6. Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food More food first: improving WUE through root health Crown rot in wheat • Complex inheritance of resistance • Plenty of genetic variation in the gene pool • Low heritability • Symptoms exacerbated under moisture stress • Shriveled grain impacts processing quality Marker assisted recurrent selection • Combine resistance QTLs in each population • Yield testing in paired plots (+/- inoculation) • Off season symptom testing GRDC supported

  7. Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food Significant Markers - CSCR16/2/2-49/CUNNINGHAM//KENEDY/3/SUNCO/2*PASTOR(1RDRN#44) • Symptom expression of season (controlled conditions) • 1AL, 1BL, 1DL, 2AL, 2BL, 2BS, 3AL, 3DL, 4AL, 4BL, 4DL, 4DS, 5AL, 5AS, 5BS, 5DL, 6AL, 6BL, 6DL, 7AS, 7BS • Field • 1AL, 2BL, 3AL, 3B(?), 4BL, 4DL, 5BL,6BL More food first: Recombination of positive gene effects for crown rot resistance

  8. Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food More food first: Yield of MARS progeny & best commercial crown rot resistant cultivars, Narrabri

  9. Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food More food first: a bilateral international collaboration to exploit genetic diversity Genotypes of an Indo-Australian parental set (180 genotypes; 1636 polymorphic clones) ACIAR supported

  10. Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food More food first: Yield (t/ha) of Indo-Australian progeny in northern NSW DBW16/Sunstate Australian parent Indian parent

  11. Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food More food first: synthetic wheat as a source of genetic variability + AABB DD T. dicoccum or durum A. tauschii AABBDD

  12. Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food More food first: improved WUE (3-year mean) at Narrabri, NSW Synthetic/Cunningham Spitfire Atta et al., 2013

  13. Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food Better processing quality: making better crosses through prediction of dough quality based on alleles at 6 glutenin loci (Wang et al 2005)

  14. Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food More nutritious food: the consequences of micronutrient malnutrition globally Higher mortality Higher morbidity Lower cognitive ability Lower work productivity Impaired growth Impaired reproduction 5% annual loss in GDP in South Asia • An estimated 3 billion people suffer from Vitamin A, Fe & Zn deficiencies world wide (Graham et al., 2001)

  15. % Change in Cereal & Pulse Production Between 1965-1999 250 250 Cereal Production Pulse Production Population 200 200 150 150 100 100 50 50 0 0 India India Pakistan Pakistan Developing Developed Developing Developing Bangladesh Bangladesh FAO data, 1999

  16. Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food More nutritious food: enhancing levels of essential micronutrients in food Kapfuchira 2014

  17. Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food More nutritious food: targeting enhancers of micronutrient bioavailability Fructan and phytate not correlated with Yield (Kapfuchira 2014)

  18. Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food More nutritious food: QTL analysis of key nutrients in wheat • Phytate and Fructan grain concentration are independently inherited. • No common marker associated with Fe & Zn grain concentration Kapfuchira 2014

  19. Genetics & higher quality, more nutritious food More nutritious food: effect of phytate/fructan level on broiler weight gain (BWG) and food intake (FI) up to 14 days age

  20. Realizing the genetic potential for better food Exploiting G x M x E: adoption of conservation agriculture globally Canada 13m USA 26m Brazil 25m Paraguay 2m Australia 12m Argentina 20m 105 m ha under conservation agriculture (FAO, 2010)

  21. Realizing the genetic potential for better food Exploiting G x M x E: published evidence of genotype x tillage interactions

  22. Realizing the genetic potential for better food Exploiting G x M x E: can a genotype x tillage practice interaction be designed? Five crosses among lines with contrasting responses under zero-tillage Always selected under conventional tillage Always selected under zero-tillage Advanced lines from both selection regimes evaluated under both zero and conventional tillage Sayre & Trethowan

  23. Realizing the genetic potential for better food Exploiting G x M x E: 3-year mean performance in Mexico a a a b a a a b a a

  24. Realizing the genetic potential for better food • Exploiting G x M x E: QTL mapping of plant response to management regime at Narrabri • : Genotype x tillage practice trials on two soil types at Narrabri

  25. Realizing the genetic potential for better food Exploiting G x M x E: yield difference between zero-tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) over two sites and two years at Narrabri Krichauff Berkut

  26. Realizing the genetic potential for better food Exploiting G x M x E: significant QTLs for yield under contrasting tillage regimes Trethowan et al. 2012.

  27. Realizing the genetic potential for better food Exploiting G x M x E: variation in total grain protein with genotype, soil and tillage regime (Wilkes et al 2010) CT CT ZT CT ZT ZT CT CT ZT CT ZT ZT

  28. Realizing the genetic potential for better food Exploiting G x M x E: grain quality implications from genotype x tillage trials, Narrabri *, **, *** are P<0.05, 0.01, 0.001 respectively Wilkes et al, 2010

  29. Genotype x crop management x environment interactions are highly complex but can be manipulated to enhance both the quantity and quality of our food supply

  30. Acknowledgements Funding: GRDC, ACIAR, Generation Challenge Program & the Wheat Research Foundation Collaboration: Colleagues across the PBI Australia’s wheat breeding groups & companies Indian Council for Agricultural Research CIMMYT & ICARDA scientists Veterinary Science, Camden

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