CH 17-25- Organizing Life’s Diversity

1. CH 17-25- Organizing Life’s Diversity Unit 6

2. Classification- grouping of objects or information based on similarities • Taxonomy- branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics

3. Binomial nomenclature • Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 • First word is genus (plural, genera). Capitalized • Second word is specific epithet. Not capitalized. • Underlined or italics

4. Scientific names and common names • Page 445

5. Taxonomic rankings • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • species

7. Taxonomic domain

8. Six kingdoms • Eubacteria • Archaebacteria • Protists • Fungi • Plants • animals

10. Dichotomous Key

11. viruses • Considered non living • Do not exhibit all the criteria for life • They do not carry out respiration, grow, or develop • All they can do is replicate. Must have a host cell • Named for organ or tissue they infect

12. prokaryotes • Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria • Has cell wall, capsule, chromosoems, and ribosomes. Some have pilus and flagellum • Reproduce by binary fissionor conjugation (pages 489-490)

13. Archaebacteria • Archaebacteria- live in extreme environments. Swamps, deep ocean hydrothermal vents, seawater evaporating ponds. Oxygen free environments

14. Eubacteria • Eubacteria are prokaryotes that live in places more hospitable than archaebacteria • 5000 species • Use organic molecules as a food source • Some cause diseases but most are harmless. Some are actually helpful • Saprophytes- organisms that feed on dead organisms or organic wastes

15. Some are heterotrophs • Saprophytes- organisms that feed on dead organisms or organic wastes

16. Some are photosynthetic • Cyanobacteria- use chlorophyll to trap sun’s energy. live in ponds, streams, and moist areas of land

17. Some are chemosynthetic autotrophs • Do not obtain energy from sun. • They break down and release the energy of inorganic compounds containing sulfur and nitrogen in a process called chemosynthesis. • Convert atmospheric nitrogen into the nitrogen-containing compounds that plants need

18. Protists- ch 19 • Kingdom Protista • Eukaryotes • Lacks complex organ systems and lives in moist environments • Some are autotrophs and some are heterotrophs • Some reproduce sexually, some asexually • Some have cilia (“ciliates”), some flagella (“flagellates”), some pseudopodia (page 504)

19. Parasitic protozoans and Malaria • Protists in the Phylum Sporozoa are called sporozoans • Reproduce by spores • Internal Parasites • Plasmodium causes malaria • Transmitted by mosquitos • Page 509

21. Life cycle of Malaria • A. Plasmodium gametes enter the mosquito from human blood. Zygote develops inside mosquito and sporozoites are released. • B. Sporozoites enter the mosquito’s salivary glands and are injected into the next human host • C. Sporozoites reproduce asexually in human’s liver and sporelike cells enter blood • D. RBC rupture, releasing toxins and new spores

22. Malaria and Sickle Cell Anemia • Research for homework

23. SCA is caused by a defective gene called hemoglobin S. • SCA is thought to have come from a genetic mutation in early mankind • Malaria epidemics in regions where SCA was common caused a large number of deaths. • People with SCA or carriers of the disease always survived • This increased the proportion of the number of people with SCA in those areas • Malaria parasite is paralyzed by sickled RBC • Sickled cells only live 20 days instead of 120 like normal RBC. This may also affect the life cycle of the parasite- stopping it from replicating. Gives the immune system time to respond

24. Malaria video link • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVbq2yQH52g • 9:28 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szlfndj0TFE • 7:00

25. Malaria life cycle worksheet • http://gregoryci-350.wikispaces.com/file/view/Malaria+worksheet+2.pdf

26. DNA to Darwin Malaria Activity Student Guide • http://www.dnadarwin.org/casestudies/8/FILES/MalariaSG1.1.pdf

27. Algae page 510 • Photosynthesizing protists- chlorophyll • Unicellular or multicellular • Phytoplankton are unicellular and a major producer of nutrients and oxygen in aquatic ecosystems • Algae produce much of the oxygen used on Earth • Multicellular algae may look like plants, but do not have roots, stems, or leaves

28. Algae phyla • 6 phyla • Euglenoids- unicellular, aquatic, photosynthetic or heterotrophic • Diatoms-unicellular, photosynthetic, shells of silica, make oil (taste and buoyancy). Read page 524- diversity of diatoms • Dinoflagellates-unicellular, cell wall of cellulose, 2 flagella, bioluminescent, some are toxic • Red algae-multicellular, lives in deep waters, contains photosynthetic pigementphycobilins • Brown algae-multicellular, marine, carotenoid fucoxanthin, kelp • Green algae-multicellular, mostly freshwater,

29. Algal bloom • Rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae • Freshwater or marine • Discoloration of the water resulting from the high density of pigmented cells • Green, yellow, brown or red, depending on the species of algae • Bright green blooms are a result of cyanobacteria • Harmful algal blooms involve toxic phytoplankton. “red tide”

30. Red Tide- Dinoflagellates page 513

32. The most dramatic effect of dinoflagellates on life around them comes from the coastal marine species which "bloom" during the warm months of summer. These species reproduce in such great numbers that the water may appear golden or red, producing a "red tide". When this happens many kinds of marine life suffer, for the dinoflagellates produce a neurotoxin which affects muscle function in susceptible organisms. Humans may also be affected by eating fish or shellfish containing the toxins. The resulting diseases include ciguatera (from eating affected fish) and paralytic shellfish poisoning, or PSP (from eating affected shellfish, such as clams, mussels, and oysters); they can be serious but are not usually fatal. About 2% are known to be toxic.

33. Bioluminescent Algae

34. In some oceans when the night is dark enough, you can see the waves glow as the water stirs. This is caused by phytoplankton called dinoflagellates. They give off a soft blue glow when disturbed. The chemicals they use are similar to the ones causing lightning bugs to glow.

35. At night, water can have an appearance of sparkling light due to the bioluminescence of dinoflagellates.[50][51] More than 18 genera of dinoflagellates are bioluminous, and the majority of them (including Gonyaulax) emit a blue-green wavelength. Therefore, when mechanically stimulated—by boat, swimming or waves, for example—a blue sparkling light can be seen emanating from the sea surface.[52] The luciferin-luciferase reaction responsible for the bioluminescence is pH sensitive.[52] When the pH drops, luciferase changes its shape, allowing luciferin, more specifically tetrapyrrole, to bind.[52]Dinoflagellates can use bioluminescence as a defense mechanism. They can startle their predators by their flashing light or they can ward off potential predators by an indirect effect such as the "burglar alarm".[52] The dinoflagellate can use its bioluminescence to attract attention to itself, thereby bringing attention to the predator and making the predator more vulnerable to predators from higher trophic levels.[52]

36. summary • Glowing animals, typically create light through luminescence. Chemical compounds mix together to produce a glow. It’s a lot like the way the substances inside a light stick combine to make light. Does not require or generate heat.

37. FYI- other bioluminscent organisms • Mushrooms • Insects • Centipedes, millipedes, worms • Jellyfish, squid, shrimp, krill, marine worms, fish • dinoflagellates

38. Reasons for bioluminescence • Communication-ex. Fireflies finding a mate • Locating food- marine animals • Attracting prey- ex. Angler fish • Camouflage • Mimicry • Self defense- ex. Squid ink, bright flash to blind predators

39. Green algae alternation of generations page 516 • Some algae and all plants (all green algae) • Alternates between a haploid and diploid organism • Haploid form called gametophyte • Gametes fuse to form a zygote (diploid) called a sporophyte • Sporophyte undergoes meiosis to become haploid spores that develop into a new gametophyte

40. Fungus like protists • 3 phyla: Slime molds, water molds, and downy mildews • Heterotrophic decomposers of organic material

41. Slime molds • Brightly colored • Live in cool, moist, shady places • Grow on damp, organic matter • Not sessile • Reproduce by spores • Plasmodial slime molds- phylum Myxomycota • Cellular slime molds- phylum Acrasiomycota

42. Slime mold

43. Water mold and downy mildews • Phylum Oomycota • Page 520

44. Paramecium Lab

45. Fungi- Chapter 20 • Kingdom Fungi • Heterotrophs • Sessile- unlike protists • Unicellular (ex. Yeast) or multicellular (most others) • Absorbs nutrients from organic materials • Cell walls of chitin (for strength and flexibility), not cellulose like plants • Some harmful, some beneficial • North American Mycology Association: • http://www.namyco.org/education/k-12.html

46. Structure of multicellular fungi • Hyphae-threadlike filaments • Hyphae branch to form mycelium • Page 530 fig. 20.2 • Function:Anchor, invade food source, reproductive structures

47. Adaptations in fungi • Some are harmful • food spoiling, diseases, poisonous Some are helpful Decomposers of the world! *Summarize the role of fungi in maintaining equilibrium including decay in an ecosystem*

48. How fungi obtain food • Page 531 • NOT autotrophic • Extracellular digestion to obtain nutrients • Food is digested outside the cell and then absorbed • The more the mycelium grows, the more surface area becomes available for nutrient absorption

49. Fungi food sources • A fungus may be a saprophyte, a mutualist, or a parasite depending on its food source • Define these: page 532 • Define haustoria

50. Fungi reproduction • Sexually or asexually • Asexual- • Fragmentation- define • Budding-define • Spores-define • sporangium