Chapter 20: Digestive System

1. Chapter 20: Digestive System Chapter 21: Urinary System

2. Functions of Digestion • Ingest food • Break down food in to small molecules: • Mechanical digestion- • Chemical digestion – • Absorption • Elimination

3. Carbohydrates • Include sugars and their polymers • Monomer is the monosaccharide • Include 3 – 7 carbons with the –OH group being present on each carbon except one, which is double bonded to an oxygen (carbonyl group)

4. Lipids • A group of polymers that have one characteristic in common, they do not mix with water. They are hydrophobic. • Some important groups are fats, phospholipids, and steroids.

6. Enzymes • Increase speed of chemical reactions - catalyst • A protein • Can change shape if conditions are not favorable.

7. Alimentary Canal • Hollow tube that begins at the mouth, ends at the anus • Mouth • Pharynx • Esophagus • Stomach • Small intestine • Large intestine • Rectum

8. A. Mouth • Forms a bolus • Chemical digestion – mucous, amylase (break down carbs) • Mechanical digestion: chewing • Roof of mouth: • Hard palate • Soft palate

9. Tongue and Taste • Lingual frendulum – attaches tongue to floor of mouth • Taste buds: • Papillae: elevations on tongue

10. Salivary Glands • Saliva – water mucous, amalase • Parotid – front of and below ears. (mumps) • Sublingual • submandibular

11. B.Pharynx • Region between mouth and esophagus • “throat” • Function – swallowing • Epiglottis – blocks larynx • Uvula – back of throat

12. C. Esophagus • Lined by mucous membrane and smooth muscle • Peristalsis – involuntary contraction of esophagus • Heartburn – (acid reflux)

13. Esophagus Continued

14. D. Stomach • Stores food and digests protein • Rugae – folds inside stomach • Ulcers

15. Stomach Continued • Gastric Juice – produces Chyme • Pepsin – enzyme that digests protein • HCL – kills bacteria, breaks down food, • Intrinsic factor – absorption of B12. • Mucous – softens food • Gastrin – hormone that causes gastric juice to be released.

16. E. Small Intestine • Function- receives secretions from the liver, pancreas and absorption of nutrients. • Lined with Villi – furry looking, absorption, increase surface area

17. F. Large Intestine • Function – absorb water, produce feces • E.coli bacteria present

18. Disorders of Large Intestine • Diarrhea – • Constipation – • Appendicitis – • Diverticuloisis – colon cancer • Colonoscopy

19. Part 2: Digestive System Accessory organs – food does not pass through

20. 1. Pancreas • Secretes Sodium Bicarbonate and enzymes to digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

21. 2. Liver – Largest gland • Storage of glucose as glycogen • Destruction of old red blood cells – this creates bilirubin • Production of bile • Plasma proteins • Detoxification of blood • Storage of iron and other vitamins

22. Liver Lobule Anatomy • Functional unit of the liver. • Blood travels from small intestine – hepatic portal vein – to various liver lobules.

24. 3. Liver Disorders • Hepatitis – inflammation of the liver due to contaminated drinking water, sexual transmission, or blood transfusion

25. Cirrhosis of liver • Cirrhosis – chronic disease due to excessive amount of alcohol. Liver becomes fatty tissue.

26. Jaundice • Jaundice – yellowish tint due to large amounts of bilirubin in blood.

27. C. Gallbladder • Storage of bile – emulsifies fats and neutralize acids

28. Chapter 21 Excretory system

29. Structures of Urinary System • 1. 2 kidneys • 2. 2 ureters – tube that leads to bladder • 3. Bladder – stores urine • 4. Urethra – tube for eliminating urine

30. Structure of Kidney • Renal cortex – outer layer, filtration • Renal medulla – middle layer, filtration, absorption • Renal pelvis – urine collection and transport • Renal artery - • Renal vein -

31. Functions of Kidney I.

32. Kidney Function – filter blood that has collected wastes from cells. • A.Excrete waste – urea, uric acid, creatine, ammonium • B.Maintain blood volume – regulating water excretion • C.monitor electrolytes in blood • D.monitor blood pH • E.secrete Renin – enzyme to help maintain blood pressure • F.stimulates red blood cell production

34. Lipids • A group of polymers that have one characteristic in common, they do not mix with water. They are hydrophobic. • Some important groups are fats, phospholipids, and steroids.