The Beginnings of Civilization-One

1. The Beginnings of Civilization-One Mrs. Cox Paisley IB World History ONE

2. Vocabulary • 1. artifacts • 2. culture • 3. hominids • 4.Mary Leakey • 5. Donald Johanson • 6. Louis Leakey • 7. Paleolithic Era • 8. nomads • 9. hunter-gatherers • 10. animism • 11. Neolithic Era • 12. Neolithic Revolution • 13. domestication • 14. Pastoralists • 15. Megaliths • 16. Bronze Age • 17. Surplus • 18. Division of Labor • 19. Traditional economy • 20. Civilizations • 21. Artisans • 22. Cultural Diffusion

3. Questions for Study 1 • 1. Name two famous anthropologists and their discoveries. • 2. How did human ancestors cross from one continent to another? • 3. Give six examples of Stone Age Technology. • 4. Describe the art work of hunter-gatherers.

4. Questions 1 • 5. What happened during the Neolithic Revolution? • 6. What impact did the end of the ice age have on early people? • 7. Name five kinds of domesticated animals from this time period. • 8. What was one of the major changes in society around 7000 BC? • 9. Why did trade increase as food increased? • 10. Name three negative effects of agricultural societies. • 11.Who is Otzi the iceman and what have scholars learned from him?

5. Questions 1 • 12. What was the result of irrigation? • 13. Name the four ways in which early cities differed from villages. • 14. Name two main characteristics of early civilizations. • 15. Name four early civilizations. • 16. Why did systems of writing develop? • 17. What factors led to changes in early civilizations?

6. Studying The Distant Past • To study prehistory, the time before written records, scientists use a wide variety of clues. • They look to artifacts such as tools, art, tombs, and weapons left behind by ancient people. • These scientists include anthropologists, who study human culture, or a society’s knowledge, art, beliefs, customs, and values.

7. Studying The Distant Past • Anthropologists called archaeologists dig into settlements to find objects used by early people. • Workers then use tools to unearth objects people have left behind. • By analyzing the remains archaeologists find, they can draw conclusions about long-ago people’s lives and culture.

8. Human Origins • Based on bones and footprints that have been found, many experts believe that hominids are early ancestors of humans. Anthropologists made several significant discoveries in East Africa. • In 1959, Mary Leakey found hominid bones that were more than 1.5 million years old. • Donald Johanson uncovered an Australopithecine skeleton in Ethiopia that he named Lucy.

9. Human Origins • Lucy lived over 3 million years ago and walked upright. • Recently, a French team in Central Africa found 6-7 million-year-old remains with features from an Australopithecine and a chimpanzee. • Louis Leakey found hominid remains he called Homo habilis, which he believed was more closely related to modern humans than Lucy.

10. Human Origins • A type of hominids called Homo erectus, or “upright man,” appeared 2 to 1.5 million years ago. • More intelligent than earlier hominids, they used more advanced tools like flint hand axes. • Scientists also think that Homo erectus was the first hominid to control fire. • Modern humans, Homo sapiens, appeared 200,000 years ago in Africa.

11. Human Origins • Homo sapiens have larger brains than earlier hominids, developed more sophisticated tools and shelters, and eventually learned to create fire. • Homo sapiens were probably also the first hominids to develop language.

12. Spreading Around The World • Early human ancestors began to migrate around the world from Africa to Asia and beyond. • About 1.6 million years ago, long periods of freezing temperatures caused ice sheets to cover the land and lower ocean levels. • These times were called ice ages. They created bridges of land between continents, which hominids could cross. • In time, hominids died out and early humans began to migrate. By at least 9000 BC, humans lived on all continents except Antarctica.

13. Spreading Around The World • Two early groups of Homo sapiens that developed as people moved around the world were Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. Neanderthals lived about 35,000 to 150,000 years ago. • Cro-Magnons appeared about 45,000 years ago. • They were physically identical to modern humans. • They left behind fine tools, figurines, and cave art.

14. Life In The Stone Age • Early humans lived during the Stone Age, which is divided into three sections based on the kinds of tools used at the time. • The first part of the Stone Age is called the Paleolithic Era, a time in which people used tools made of stone. • People lived as nomads, moving from place to place following migrating animal herds.

15. Life In The Stone Age • As the Stone Age continued, new technology helped early humans survive and improve life. • People made tools from chipped stones, wood, and bone. • They invented spears for easier hunting. • Other technological developments included the bow and arrow, fishing hooks, canoes, needles for sewing clothes from animal skins, and shelters called pit-houses.

16. Life In The Stone Age • Scholars call these people hunter-gatherers because they hunted animals and gathered the fruit, seeds, and nuts of wild plants for food. • People also made art as well as musical instruments. • Elaborate images of people and animals were painted on rocks and in caves. • They may have been created to honor the spirits of the people and animals, a belief called animism. • Figures were also carved out of many different materials such as animal teeth and bone.

17. The New Stone Age • After the Paleolithic Era came the Neolithic Era, or New Stone Age. • People learned to make tools and weapons with sharper edges, which led to the development of chisels, drills, and saws.

18. Development of Agriculture • The lives of early people changed dramatically about 10,000 years ago. • People began to grow crops. By growing their food instead of just hunting animals and gathering food, early people greatly improved their chances of survival and forever changed history. • The shift to farming is called the Neolithic Revolution.

19. Development of Agriculture • Farming started around the time the last ice age ended. • Wild grains such as barley and wheat appeared due to the warmer weather. • People began to gather the wild grains for food. • This new food source caused the populations to grow and need even more food. • In time, people experimented with planting seeds and learned to farm.

20. Development of Agriculture • Then, people began to practice domestication, the selective growing or breeding of plants and animals to make them more useful to humans. • Animals such as dogs, cattle, goats, pigs, and sheep were also domesticated.

21. Development of Agriculture • Farming spread around the world at different rates. • Some areas had plants and animals that were easier to domesticate than those in other places. • Locations with similar climates transitioned to farming at about the same time, such as China and Central America.

22. Agriculture Changes Society • Agriculture allowed the world population to grow by providing a better food supply. • It also change people’s way of life. • Some people became pastoralists, ranging over wide areas and keeping herds of livestock to use for food and other materials. • Others began staying in the same place and settling into permanent villages.

23. Agriculture Changes Society • By about 7000 BC some settlements grew into towns. • Now, instead of hunting and gathering food, many people worked in the fields and tended livestock. • Since more food was available, some people could spend more time doing activities other than food production. • For example, some people became skilled at making crafts or tools.

24. Agriculture Changes Society • As people produced extra food and products, trade increased. • Settlements traded with each other to obtain materials and products they lacked. • Societies became more complex and prosperous, and differences in social status began to emerge. • Some people gained more wealth and influence than others. • Others rose to positions of authority such as overseeing the planting and harvesting or running building projects.

25. Agriculture Changes Society • Because men performed the heavier work in farming, they often held positions of authority. • As a result, men began to gain dominance and status over women in many agricultural societies. • Societies began to build structures such as megaliths for religious purposes. • Megaliths are huge stone monuments that some Neolithic people in Europe built for burial or spiritual purposes.

26. Agriculture Changes Society • Agricultural societies also had some negative effects. • Warfare increased as societies fought over land and resources. • Crop failures made life difficult for people dependent on farming. • Disease increased and spread rapidly among groups of people.

27. Agriculture Changes Society • Technology continued to develop. • Animals pulled plows to produce larger fields of crops. • Pestles and grindstones were used to prepare grains. • Pottery was used for cooking and storing food. • Wool from goats and sheep was weaved into cloth.

28. Agriculture Changes Society • When people began to use metal the Stone Age gave way to the Bronze Age. • Bronze is a mixture of copper and tin that produces objects that are stronger and harder than copper alone.

29. Agriculture Changes Society • CatalHuyuk in present-day Turkey is an example of a Neolithic village. • Some 5,000 to 6,000 people lived there around 6000 BC. • The village covered more than 30 acres, making it the largest Neolithic site that archaeologists have found.

30. Agriculture Changes Society • Our knowledge of Neolithic societies continues to increase due to recent discoveries. • In 1991 in the Italian Alps a 5,300 year-old frozen hunter nicknamed Otzi the Iceman was found by hikers. • The cold had preserved his clothing and belongings, adding to scholars’ information about this time period.

31. From Villages to Cities • Over time, farmers worked to increase the food production of their farms. • Their most important advance was the irrigation system, a network of canals or ditches linking crop fields to streams or to water storage basins. • Irrigation enabled people to farm more land in drier conditions, producing more food. • Some farmers began to produce a surplus, or excess, of food. • Surplus food allowed villages to support larger populations.

32. From Villages To Cities • Now that fewer people were needed to produce food, some people could devote all of their time to specialized jobs like making tools or weapons. • Others became weavers, potters, or religious leaders. • Division of labor refers to the economic arrangement that allows workers to specialize in a particular job or task.

33. From Villages to Cities • Division of labor is different than the system of traditional economies that early farming villages had used. • In a traditional economy, custom, tradition, or ritual is the basis of economic decisions. • Having surplus food allowed villages to grow into cities because not everyone had to farm. • Cities differ from early villages in four ways.

34. From Villages to Cities • First, they are larger and more populated. • Second, city populations usually included many unrelated people who came from a wide area. • Third, most early cities had a defined center containing palaces, temples, government buildings, marketplaces, and defined boundaries, often marked by defensive walls. • Fourth, early cities served as centers of trade for merchants and farmers from the surrounding villages. • The first known city was Uruk, located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq.

35. The First Civilizations • Civilizations, or complex cultures, grew out of early cities. • The first civilizations grew up along river valleys that had enough fertile land to produce food to support a growing population. • Civilizations use record keeping and have social classes, specialization of labor, government, religion, and arts. • Major cities in early river valley civilizations include Ur and Uruk near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia, Memphis on the Nile River in Egypt, Mohenjo-Daro on the Indus River in India, and Anyang near the Huang He in China.

36. The First Civilizations • Governments in the first civilizations created laws and systems of justice, gathered taxes, and organized defense. • Religious institutions included priests who performed rituals, such as sacrificing animals, to try to gain the gods’ favor. • Priests often became powerful and closely connected with governments.

37. The First Civilizations • As cities grew, the division of labor increased, and many new jobs developed. • Skilled craft workers, or artisans, created useful everyday objects such as baskets and pottery. • Over time, clear social classes emerged. • Rulers and priests had the highest positions, followed by merchants, artisans, farmers and unskilled workers. • Slaves often formed the bottom of the social order.

38. The First Civilizations • Systems of writing developed about 5,000 years ago in order to keep records such as tax records. • Calendars developed to help farmers keep track of the changing seasons. • Most public buildings in large cities featured elaborate statues of gods and rulers. • Art and architecture reflected the wealth and power of the city and its leaders.

39. Changes in Civilizations • Civilizations constantly changed once they were established. • Something as simple as the weather could help a city grow…or destroy it with drought. • People still had to deal with disease and warfare. • Early civilizations met challenges with new technologies and knowledge from other societies. • Trade, migration, and invasion led to cultural diffusion. • For example, artisans adopted styles from other civilizations and traders learned multiple languages.

40. Changes in Civilization • Civilizations went to war to control rich farmland, important sea ports, or regions with valuable resources. • Through conquest, civilizations expanded their control over land and people. • Conflicts also arose between civilizations and nomadic groups, who sometimes launched raids on villages and cities. • Further conflicts also arose as nomads and farmers competed over land.