INTRODUCTION TO THE ELEMENTS OF A FIRING OPERATION

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE ELEMENTS OF A FIRING OPERATION

2. Safety • Ensure the firing operation does not • Jeopardize the safety of personnel conducting the firing operation • Adversely affect suppression forces in the area 4320.20 SL 2

3. Fill the basic functions Lookout(s) / intelligence gathering Ignition: the lighters and their supplies Holding forces Provide for supplemental resources Additional forces in staging Reserves for extensive mop-up RESOURCES REQUIRED

4. LINE-BASED FIRING OPERATIONS 4320.20 SL 4

5. Conduct Line-Based Firing Operations from Completed Control or Wet Line • Completed control line • Constructed or existing breaks • Wet/foam lines • Favorable locations include • Ridge-tops or just on the lee side • Wide canyon bottoms • Roads or benches 4320.20 SL 5

6. Direction of Progress of Overall Firing Operation Fire into the wind and/or against the slope whenever possible in order to better control the set fire Opposing wind and slope will influence the effects of applied fire. You must determine if wind will overpower the effects of slope. If wind influence will have a greater influence than slope, tactics may need to be altered to achieve desired results. 4320.20 SL 6

7. Anchor Points / Check lines • Begin firing at an anchor point to prevent uncontrolled fire from out-flanking you • Check lines • Temporary, open-ended lines used to slow the rate of fire spread • Breaks in fuel (streambeds, rocky areas, etc.) • Short hand line • Wet or foam lines • Air drops 4320.20 SL 7

8. CHECK LINE Hand Off Trouble Spots, and Keep Moving 4320.20 SL 8

9. PROBLEMS IN THE FIRE ENVIRONMENT Firing Through Saddles or Reversals of Slope Firing In Bottoms of Steep Canyons Firing In Brush Fields Firing In Timber Adverse Fuel Conditions Adverse Weather Conditions 4320.20 SL 9

10. Firing through saddle or slope reversal. 4320.20 SL 10

11. 4320.20 SL 11

12. Burn simultaneously from each peak down into the saddle. 4320.20 SL 12

13. 4320.20 SL 13

14. Segment Firing from Top to Bottom Firing from the Bottom of a Steep Canyon

15. Firing Abrupt Bends and Corners Adjust the firing pattern and holding forces to fit the changing direction of fire movement relative to the line Wind/slope influence affects each line segment differently - adjust technique to fit Avoid converging fires in tight bends 4320.20 SL 15

16. Firing an Outside Corner 4320.20 SL 16

17. Firing an Inside Corner

18. 4320.20 SL 18

19. Problems with Lines Running Across the Slope • Underslung (fire above) • Augment holding forces to control rollouts • Remove or reposition problem fuels (logs) • Trench the control line • Fire below the line • Augment holding forces for spot fires • Modify the fuel bed • Lower-intensity firing patterns 4320.20 SL 19

20. Switchbacks What problems can switchback cause? 4320.20 SL 20

21. Switchbacks • Switchbacks present unique problems • Fire environment problems • Changes in slope/shape • Changes in aspect & fuel bed/loading • Changes in wind speed & direction • Operational problems • Narrow, winding roads • Holding difficulties • LCES application difficulties 4320.20 SL 21

22. Switchbacks • Firing Switchbacks • Determine beginning & termination points • Divide firing into segments • Determine firing sequence • Select firing techniques 4320.20 SL 22

23. Firing Switchbacks • Determine firing method for each segment based upon • Topography: aspect, slope, shape • Depth of burned zone • Fuel: type, loading, condition • Wind: speed; direction on slope • Interrelationship of all factors 4320.20 SL 23

24. Firing Switchbacks • Evaluate switchback firing continuously • Fire effects & fire behavior • Mutual effects between segments • Pace of firing operation • Threat to control lines 4320.20 SL 24

25. It is important to understand the hazards associated with switchbacks. You will be firing a mid-slope road with unburned fuels above you. You must proceed at a pace that ensures you do not generate fire intensity that will cause spot fires. The following slides depict in general terms tactics that may be employed to fire a switchback. Conditions you encounter will always vary. The tactics used on actual events will depend upon the fire environment and the resource capabilities. Firing Team Coming Down Road Check Line Let’s zoom in and fire this switchback

26. 1. Edge or strip fire into the center of the turn, being careful not to generate spot fires across the road

27. 2. Establish sufficient burn zone before firing lower section of switchback 3. Fire out of switchback from the center of turn, ensuring applied fire does not cross road above you.

28. Switchbacks can also be fired utilizing spike technique Firing Team Coming Down Road

29. Spike fire from upper portion of turn down to the lower portion (Note: this animation reflects upslope or negative wind conditions)

31. Now let’s fire the switch back with fire on the opposite side of the road Firing Team Coming Down Road Check Line

33. 1. Ensure adequate burn zone is established above switchback before proceeding 2. Edge fire the upper segment of the switchback to the apex of turn

34. 3.Slowly edge fire the lower segment of switchback, ensuring no head fire pushes across the road 4. Once lower segment is fired, allow adequate burn zone to develop along switchback before continuing to fire down road

35. Changing Fire Environment Factors • Changing Weather • Wind changes • Fronts • Thunderstorm downdrafts • Surfacing of winds aloft • Variation over the terrain • Diurnal patterns (ex: up/down canyon) • Relative humidity and temperature changes • Fuel variations 4320.20 SL 35

36. Changing Fire Environment Factors • Changing fire behavior • Intensity changes can affect firing techniques and safety (deeper burned zone; larger safety zones) • Don’t use multiple strips when fire moves away from the line readily 4320.20 SL 36