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AP Psych. DMA

AP Psych. DMA. Write down the questions and don’t forget to leave room for your answers. 1. Which psychological specialty is most directly concerned with the systematic study of problem solving, decision making, concept formation, and forming judgments?

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AP Psych. DMA

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  1. AP Psych. DMA Write down the questions and don’t forget to leave room for your answers. 1. Which psychological specialty is most directly concerned with the systematic study of problem solving, decision making, concept formation, and forming judgments? 2. A mental set is most likely to inhibit….

  2. Today’s Agenda • DMA • Chapter 10 • Thinking & Language Homework: • FRQ # 1 & 2 – due Thursday, Nov. 3rd • FRQ #3 – due Tuesday, Nov. 8th • Self-Experiment – due Monday, Nov. 28th • Chapter 10 & 11 Test Tuesday, Nov. 15th • Chapter 10 & 11 notes - due Tuesday Nov. 15th

  3. Please take out your notes

  4. Define thinking… Please turn to a neighbor

  5. Thinking • Cognition • mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating • Cognitive Psychologists • study these mental activities • concept formation • problem solving • decision making • judgment formation

  6. Thinking • Concept • mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people • Prototype • mental image or best example of a category • matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category • Example - comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin

  7. Have you used algorithms in math? What are they? How do you use them?

  8. Thinking • Algorithm • methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem • Opposite of the usually speedier–but also more error-prone--use of heuristics

  9. Thinking • Heuristic • simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently • usually speedier than algorithms • more error-prone than algorithms

  10. Thinking Unscramble S P L O Y O C H Y G • Algorithm • all 907,208 combinations • Heuristic • throw out all YY combinations • other heuristics?

  11. Thinking • Insight • sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem • contrasts with strategy-based solutions • Confirmation Bias • tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions • Fixation • inability to see a problem from a new perspective • impediment to problem solving

  12. What are some examples of confirmation bias?

  13. Everyone needs six strips of paper…

  14. The Matchstick Problem • How would you arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles?

  15. The Candle-Mounting Problem • Using these materials, how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board?

  16. Thinking • Mental Set • tendency to approach a problem in a particular way • especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem

  17. Thinking • Functional Fixedness • tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions • impediment to problem solving

  18. The Matchstick Problem • Solution to the matchstick problem

  19. The Candle-Mounting Problem • Solving this problem requires recognizing that a box need not always serve as a container

  20. Heuristics • Representativeness Heuristic • judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes • may lead one to ignore other relevant information

  21. Heuristics • Availability Heuristic • estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory • if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common • Example: airplane crash

  22. Thinking • Overconfidence • tendency to be more confident than correct • tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments

  23. Thinking • Framing • the way an issue is posed • how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments • Example: What is the best way to market ground beef--as 25% fat or 75% lean?

  24. Thinking • Belief Bias • the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning • sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid or valid conclusions seem invalid • Belief Perseverance • clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

  25. Artificial Intelligence • Artificial Intelligence • designing and programming computer systems • to do intelligent things • to simulate human thought processes • intuitive reasoning • learning • understanding language

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