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Respiration

Respiration. Releases energy from glucose  ATP. Respiration. Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + ATP C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 + 38 ADP + 38 Pi  6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + 36 ATP.

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Respiration

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  1. Respiration Releases energy from glucose  ATP

  2. Respiration Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + ATP C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 38 ADP + 38 Pi  6 CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/12580-the-science-of-life-cellular-respiration-video.htm (introduction, 1.5min)

  3. Rod shaped • Double membrane • Inner membrane folded extensively into cristae to increase surface area for reactions

  4. ATP (Adenosine Tri-Phosphate) Adenosine Diphosphate phosphate ADP + Pi + energy  ATP High energy phosphate bonds Universal energy carrier Quick easy source of energy (compared to glucose)

  5. Pi Pi Pi Adenosine Adenosine Pi Pi ADP Pi Energy for Life Energy from Glucose ATP

  6. Respiration – 3 phases • Glycolysis (cytoplasm) Glucose  2 pyruvate • Krebs Cycle (matrix) Pyruvate  CO2 & H • Electron transfer chain (mitochondrial membrane). Electrons are passed along a series of carriers. Oxygen is the final acceptor of H+ and e- to make water.

  7. cytoplasm matrix membranes GLYCOLYSIS GLUCOSE O2 NADH2 NADH2 FADH2 KREB’S CYCLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN PYRUVATE NAD FAD NAD H2O OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION 2ATP 34ATP 2ATP CO2

  8. Glycolysis • Glucose too large to diffuse into mitochondria • Glucose (6C)  2 pyruvate (3C) • NAD  NADH + H+ • 2 ATP • Does not require oxygen

  9. Cytoplasm Membrane Mitochondrion Glucose (6C) 2 ATP G L Y C O L Y S I S 4 ADP 36 ADP 4 ATP 36 ATP CO2 + H2O Pyruvate (3C) normal low oxygen yeast fermentation lactic fermentation Alcohol & CO2 Lactic acid

  10. Kreb’s (citric acid) Cycle • Pyruvate  acetyl coA in mitochondria • acetyl-coA  2 CO2 (waste) + coA (recycled) + H2 • NAD + H2 NADH2 • FAD + H2 FADH2

  11. Pyruvate Acetyl coA NAD & FAD A co-enzyme carrier molecule CO2 (waste) Krebs Cycle coA NADH2 FADH2

  12. Electron Transfer Chain • NADH2 + FADH2  NAD + FAD + H+ + high energy electrons • e- transferred along a series of electron carriers, cytochromes, in the cristae. Energy from the electrons is used to produce ATP at each move. • Oxygen is the final hydrogen acceptor  water

  13. 34 ATP ATP NADH2 H+ e- NAD H+ e- ATP e- ATP e- e- ATP e- e- e- e- e- H2 H2O O This cannot occur without oxygen!!!!!

  14. Rate of respiration • ↑Temperature  ↑reaction rate (up to an optimum temp.) (↑ energy of enzymes and substrate  ↑collisions). • 2. ↑ Body’s energy demands  ↑ rate of respiration (Eg running  muscle cells need more energy) • 3. Poisons.Eg Cyanide prevents O2 combining with hydrogen ( ↓ respiration).

  15. Where would you expect to find the most mitochondria? eg Muscle and liver cells Active cells with high energy needs

  16. MENU Quick Quiz Key Words Videos MCQ Exercises

  17. Key words Back to menu • respiration • mitochondria • cristae • surface area • matrix • ATP • glycolysis • Kreb’s cycle • citric acid cycle • electron transport chain • glucose • pyruvate • electron carrier • final acceptor • acetyl coA • NADH2 • FADH2 • oxidative phosphorylation • lactic fermentation • yeast fermentation • anaerobic

  18. QUICK QUIZ Back to menu • Cellular respiration takes place in the ____ • Glucose is broken down into ____ during ____ • ____ is small enough to enter the mitochondrion • ____ in the matrix catalyse the reactions of the ____ cycle • The inner mitochondrial membrane is folded to increase ____ • NAD and FAD carry ____ to the electron transport chain • ____ is the universal energy carrier • Most ATP is produced in the ____ stage • ____ respiration yields 34-38 ATP • ____ respiration occurs in the absence of sufficient oxygen • Yeast undergoes ____ under anaerobic conditions • Animals produce ____ under anaerobic conditions Answers

  19. QUICK QUIZ Back to menu • Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria • Glucose is broken down into pyruvate during glycolysis • pyruvate is small enough to enter the mitochondrion • enzymesin the matrix catalyse the reactions of the Krebs cycle • The inner mitochondrial membrane is folded to increase surface area • NAD and FAD carry electrons to the electron transport chain • ATP is the universal energy carrier • Most ATP is produced in the electron transport chain stage • aerobic respiration yields 34-38 ATP • anaerobicrespiration occurs in the absence of sufficient oxygen • Yeast undergoes fermentation under anaerobic conditions • Animals produce lactic acid under anaerobic conditions

  20. Exercise Back to menu • Workbook pp 67-72, all questions • Pathfinder p45 q5 • READING • Pathfinder p43 • Excellence in Biology 126-130

  21. Videos Back to menu These videos contain more detail than you need, but the basics are very good! • http://www.5min.com/Video/Glycolysis-and-the-Krebs-Cycle-150946257 (summary, Wolfe, 8 min) • http://www.5min.com/Video/Oxidative-Phosphorylation-150626566 (ATP, 10min) • http://www.articlesbase.com/videos/5min/150626157(Glycolysis, 14min)

  22. proteins polysaccharides lipids amino acids monosaccharides fatty acids + glycerol pyruvate acetyl coA Krebs NADH2 + FADH2 wastes - CO2 + H2O

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