1 / 164

Evolution

Evolution . Evolution and the Theory of Natural Selection . What is Evolution?. The change in gene frequencies in a population over time. Why the controversy?. Intelligent Design vs Evolution. The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BCE)

ferris
Télécharger la présentation

Evolution

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Evolution Evolution and the Theory of Natural Selection

  2. What is Evolution? The change in gene frequencies in a population over time

  3. Why the controversy?

  4. Intelligent Design vs Evolution

  5. The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BCE) • Viewed species as fixed and unchanging (Scalanaturae) Fixed rungs on a ladder of complexity • The Old Testament of the Bible • Holds that species were individually designed by God and therefore perfect • CarolusLinnaeus (1707-1778) • Interpreted organismal adaptations as evidence that the Creator had designed each species for a specific purpose • Was a founder of taxonomy, classifying life’s diversity “for the greater glory of God”

  6. Charles Darwin(1809-1882) • Born in England • Attended medical school, HATED IT, and dropped out to become a priest • Liked to stuff birds instead of dissect humans • Didn’t like grave robbing for bodies • Boarded the H.M.S. Beagle for a 5 year UNPAID journey as a naturalist (nothing exists outside of natural laws that govern earth)

  7. Charles Darwin • “Descent with modification” from an ancestral species • November 24th 1859

  8. The Origin of Species Occurrence of Evolution Descent with Modification all organisms related through descent from some unknown ancestral population diverse modifications (adaptations) accumulated over time Mechanism of Evolution Natural Selection and Adaptation natural selection is the differential success in reproduction natural selection occurs from the interaction between the environment and the inherit variability in a population variations in a population arise by chance Can selection actually cause substantial change in a population?

  9. Journey of the H.M.S. Beagle

  10. Darwin’s Field Research • South American flora/fauna distinct from European flora/fauna • S. American temperate species were more closely related to S. American tropical species than European temperate species • S. American fossils were distinctly S. American Tropical Rainforest of South America

  11. Galapagos Islands • + most animal species on Galapagos unique to those islands, but • resemble S. American continental species • + Darwin’s Finches • - 13 types • + some unique to individual islands • + others found on two or more islands close together • Darwin proposed: • + new species could arise from an ancestral population by • gradually accumulating adaptations to a different environment. • - Theory of natural selection as the mechanism of adaptive • evolution

  12. Alfred Russel Wallace(1823-1913) Presented a paper with identical ideas as Darwin on July 1, 1858 at the Linnaean Society meeting Was a botanist who came up with virtually the same concept of natural selection more or less independently through his studies on the Malay archipelago. Darwin panicked because he was not ready with his book yet!

  13. Where did Darwin and Wallace get the idea of evolution?

  14. Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) • Lamarck claimed that evolution was driven by "use vs. disuse" • A used structure will become larger, stronger and more important. • A disused structure will atrophy and become VESTIGIAL. • Evolution occurs because organisms have an innate drive to become more complex

  15. The long necks of giraffes were due to their stretching for food, and giraffes passed their stretched necks on to their offspring. Similarly, the big, “ripped” muscles developed by the village blacksmith with all his hammering and slinging of heavy metal objects would be expected to be passed on to his offspring. Theory of “Use vs. Disuse”

  16. Theory of “Acquired Characteristics” • Lamarck claimed that traits acquired during an organism's lifetime could be inherited by that organism's offspring.

  17. Georges Cuvier(1769-1832) • Created Paleontology (The study of fossils) • He noted that deeper layers of sedimentary rock had diversity of organisms far different from present day life found in more recent layers • Proposed the idea of extinction based on fossils

  18. James Hutton(1726-1797) • A Scottish geologist who challenged Cuvier's view in 1795 with his idea of GRADUALISM • Proposed that large changes in the earth's surface could be caused by slow, constant processes e.g. erosion by a river

  19. Charles Lyell (1797-1875) • Earth processes had been going on constantly, and could explain the appearance of the earth. • This theory, uniformitarianism, was a strong basis for Darwin's later theory of natural selection.

  20. Thomas Malthus(1766-1834) • Suggested that much of humanity's suffering (disease, famine, homelessness and war) was the inevitable result of overpopulation: humans reproduced more quickly than their food supply could support them. • Malthus showed that populations, if allowed to grow unchecked, increase at a geometric rate.

  21. Darwin made some profound observations, from which Ernst Mayr inferred some conclusions... • Observation #1. All species have huge potential fertility • Observation #2. Except for seasonal fluctuations, populations tend to maintain a stable size. • Observation #3. Environmental resources are limited.

  22. Inference #1 • The production of more individuals than the environment can support leads to a "struggle for existence," with only a fraction of offspring surviving in each generation.

  23. Observations • Observation #4: No two individuals in a population are exactly alike • Observation #5: Much of the observed variation in a population is heritable

  24. Inference #2 • Survival in this "struggle for existence is not random, but depends, in part, on the hereditary makeup of the survivors. • Those individuals who inherit characteristics that allow them to best exploit their environment are likely to leave more offspring than individuals who are less well suited to their environment.

  25. Inference #3 • Unequal reproduction between suited and unsuited organisms will eventually cause a gradual change in a population, with characteristics favorable to that particular environment accumulating over the generations.

  26. SO WHAT IS THIS THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION? It can be broken down into four basic tenets, or ideas

  27. Theory of Natural Selection 1. Organisms are capable of producing huge numbers of offspring. 2. Those offspring are variable in appearance and function, and some of those variations are heritable.

  28. Theory of Natural Selection 3. Environmental resources are limited, and those varied offspring must compete for their share. 4. Survival and reproduction of the varied offspring is not random. Those individuals whose inherited characteristics make them better able to compete for resources will live longer and leave more offspring than those not as able to compete for those limited resources.

  29. Natural selection is differential success in reproduction • That results from the interaction between individuals that vary in heritable traits and their environment

  30. Natural Selection Definition Natural selection is differential success in reproduction Selection can only edit existing variations

  31. Evolution • Theory - an accepted hypothesis that has been tested over and over again without yet being disproved • Definition - Evolution is the change in the overall genetic makeup of a population over time • Three Basic Componentsa.  Individuals cannot evolve.  Populations evolve.b.  Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution.c.  Evolution occurs by chance (NOT GOAL ORIENTED).

  32. Evolution • Populations are a group of interbreeding individuals belonging to the same species and sharing a common geographic area • Natural selection favors individuals, so multiple generations must be examined

  33. What is speciation and who studies it? • Speciation is the creation of a new species • Scientists who study the processes and mechanisms that lead to such speciation events are called EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGISTS.

  34. Species • species as a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring but are unable to produce viable fertile offspring with members of other populations

  35. Macroevolution • the origin of new taxonomic • groups (new species, etc.) • + Anagenesis • - phyletic evolution • - transformation of one • species to another • + Cladogenesis • - branching evolution • - new species arise from a population that buds from a parent species • + increases biodiversity (b) Cladogenesis (a) Anagenesis

  36. Sympatric speciation. A smallpopulation becomes a new specieswithout geographic separation. Allopatric speciation. A population forms a new species while geographically isolated from its parent population. • Speciation can occur in two ways • Allopatric speciation • Sympatric speciation

  37. Allopatric Speciation • A population becomes physically separated from the rest of the species by a geographical barrier that prevents interbreeding.  • Because gene flow is disrupted by this physical barrier, new species will form.

  38. A. harrisi A. leucurus

  39. Sympatric Speciation • Two populations are geographically close to each other, but they are reproductively isolated from each other by different habitats, mating seasons, etc. • Polyploidy • Is the presence of extra sets of chromosomes in cells due to accidents during cell division • Has caused the evolution of some plant species

  40. Failure of cell divisionin a cell of a growing diploid plant afterchromosome duplicationgives rise to a tetraploidbranch or other tissue. Offspring with tetraploid karyotypes may be viable and fertile—a new biological species. Gametes produced by flowers on this branch will be diploid. 2n 2n = 6 4n 4n = 12 • An autopolyploid • Is an individual that has more than two chromosome sets, all derived from a single species

  41. Unreduced gamete with 4 chromosomes Unreduced gamete with 7 chromosomes Viable fertile hybrid (allopolyploid) Hybrid with 7 chromosomes Meiotic error; chromosome number not reduced from 2n to n Species A 2n = 4 2n = 10 Normal gamete n = 3 Normal gamete n = 3 Species B 2n = 6 • An allopolyploid • Is a species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species

  42. Reproductive Barriers A reproductive barrier is any factor that prevents two species from producing fertile hybrids, thus contributing to reproductive isolation. • Habitat Isolation • Temporal Isolation • Behavioral Isolation • Mechanical Isolation • Gametic Isolation

  43. Reproductive Barriers • Prezygotic barriers • Impede mating between species or hinder the fertilization of ova if members of different species attempt to mate • Postzygotic barriers • Often prevent the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult

More Related