Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson

1. Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson APUSH McElhaney

2. Essay Question Johnson Administration • Essay: • In what ways did the Great Society resemble the New Deal in its origins, goals, and social and political legacy? Cite specific programs and policies in support of your arguments.

3. Eisenhower Social critics, nonconformists, and cultural rebels The Turbulent 1960s From the New Frontier to the Great Society Expanding movements for civil rights Cold War confrontations: Asia, Latin America, and Europe Beginning of Détente The antiwar movement and the counterculture Kennedy's New Frontier; Johnson's Great Society New domestic programs Tax cut War on poverty Affirmative action Civil rights and civil liberties African Americans: political, cultural, and economic roles The leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr. Resurgence of feminism The New Left and the Counterculture Emergence of the Republican Party in the South The Supreme Court and the Miranda decision Foreign Policy Bay of Pigs Cuban missile crisis Vietnam quagmire AP Outline

4. Mexican Americans Hispanic population grows Puerto Ricans-move to NYC 1 million by 1960 BraceroProgram temporary workers from Mexico Illegal immigration grows 1950 5 million immigrants deported to Mexico Native Americans 1960 ½ million people still lived on reservations Arizona and New Mexico now allowed Indians to vote Eisenhower supported a movement to terminate the reservations and relocate Indians to urban areas Many Indians didn’t want the move The program was terminated in 1958 People Left Out of Affluence and Prosperity

5. Teen Culture (The “Alienated” Teen) The “Beat” Generation: * Jack Kerouac --> On The Road * Allen Ginsberg --> poem, “Howl” * Neal Cassady * William S. Burroughs “Beatnik” “Clean” Teen

6. Did all of society conform to the stereotypical image of 1950’s “Leave it to Beaver”? • No • Many groups were not included in the “Affluent Society” • Artists like Jackson Pollack- expressed their vision of society in their Art • The “Beat Generation”highlighted this dichotomy in American society. • Similar to the Lost Generation of the 1920s- • The Beats were a literary movement characterized by disillusionment with mainstream American Society • They emerged in the late 1940’s and though the 1950’s

7. What is the “Beat Generation”? • "I meant beaten. The world against me.“ • “The point of Beat is that you get beat down to a certain nakedness where you actually are able to see the world in a visionary way," " which is the old classical understanding of what happens in the dark night of the soul.” Ginsberg, • It’s really an intellectual movement that represents the underside of society- not mainstream-

8. HOWL by Alan Ginsberg • I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked, dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix, angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly connection to the starry dynamo in the machinery of night, who poverty and tatters and hollow-eyed and high sat up smoking in the supernatural darkness of cold-water flatsfloating across the tops of cities contemplating jazz, who bared their brains to Heaven under the El and saw Mohammedan angels staggering on tene- ment roofsilluminated, who passed through universities with radiant cool eyes hallucinating Arkansas and Blake-light tragedy among thescholars of war, who were expelled from the academies for crazy & publishing obscene odes on the windows of the skull, who cowered in unshaven rooms in underwear, burn- ing their money in wastebaskets and listening to the Terrorthrough the wall, who got busted in their pubic beards returning through Laredo with a belt of marijuana for New York,

9. Social Critics= “The Beat Generation” • 3 names you should remember: • Jack Kerouac-Novelist On The Road • Alan Ginsberg-Poet “Howl” • William Burroughs-novelist Naked Lunch • Nonconformists, individuals, intellectuals, • artists that rejected the traditional values of materialism and searched to live, live, live the real life, to feel alive…

11. Painter Jackson Pollock • Expressed violent, rebellious intensity

12. Youth Rebellion • James DeanRebel Without a Cause • Symbolized the changes in youth culture • Parent and tension • J. D. SalingerCatcher in the Rye • Young man in crisis • Rock N’ Roll- metaphor for sex (music) • Began as African American culture • Usurped by White America first big star • Elvis Presley and Bill Haley (Rock Around the Clock)

13. Interstate Highway Act 1956 • $27 Billion plan to build • 42,000 Miles of highways • Ike supports this great public works project. • National Security Purposes

14. IKE’s Sec. of State John Foster Dulles • Strong, • Wilsonian- moral leadership, anti-communist • Created the idea of Massive Retaliation- • Using Nuclear weapons instead of conventional forces to counter Communist threats throughout the world • Supported the Arms Race- build up of Atomic weapons and the missile program to deliver weapons • All used as a Deterrence to soviet Aggression and surprise attack (Idea was to deter any attack against the US) • Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) • Brinksmanship- we will come to the brink, then back away… • Cuban Missile Crisis (JFK)

15. Ike and the Cold War • Begun under Truman • Ike continues containment • Supported strengthening of Germany and Japan to counter communists- both countries begin to rebuild industry in this period. • US Fleet protects Taiwan • Supports anti-Communists • Southeast Asia, Middle East • Arms Research= Hydrogen bomb

16. Hydrogen Bomb Link • Part of the emerging arms race- each country develops an arms program • US detonates a Hydrogen Bomb- November 1952 • August 1953, Soviets will detonate H-Bomb

17. Examples of the Arms Race • The United States after WWII collected German scientists working on rockets (V-2 bombs) • US began to build missiles in order to fire against Soviets • Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) missiles able to reach Russia from US • Atlas, Minuteman, and Polaris are developed • Nuclear Submarines equipped with missiles are developed to sneak up on Russians • U2-Survelliance Planes are developed to spy on Russians

18. Space Race = arms race • Part of the Cold War-hysteria- • Americans and Soviets build weapons to use in case of war • Soviets were paranoid of an American attack- • Stalin- wanted to avoid a war with US at all costs • US had hundreds and later thousands of Nukes more than the Soviets • Soviets had more conventional forces- and US had to compensate- (See Dulles- Massive Retaliation)

19. Sputnik-1957 • Soviets successfully launch a satellite into orbit • One even included a dog • US was unsuccessful at first • Significance: • Space Race is really about weapons development • Post WWII- • Nazis developed first jet engines and rockets- guided missiles- V1 and V-2 bombs • Space Race is about developing rockets to deliver new higher power Nuclear Weapons – • Inter-continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM)

21. Space Race • Soviet Scientists send a satellite into space • Sputnik • Really about sending developing missile technology for delivering Nuclear Weapons • US responds by creating NASA • National Aeronautics and Space Administration

22. The Nuclear Age • Nuclear Tests cause fear of “Fallout” or radiation contamination • Groups call for Test Bans- this results in some agreements (bans tests in the atmosphere but not underground)

24. American Reacts- to Sputnik • 1958- National Defense Education Act Government sponsors education in science and humanities to support defense • NASA- National Aeronautics and Space Administration- began as agency for non-military space research and development

25. Cold War Novel On the Beach • Bleak story of a Nuclear war- • Represents critics of Dulles’ Massive Retaliation doctrine • Coincides with American reduction in conventional forces

26. Guatemala CIA intervention Take over of Government Arbenez Government United Fruit Company John Foster Dulles (Sec of State) and Alan Dulles (Head of CIA) both had large investments in United Fruit

27. Middle East-Cold War • Iran-CIA-Shah- • 1953- US CIA sponsors the overthrow of a democratically elected Iranian government • Places new Shah (King) in charge of Iran<dictator> • Reflected the Cold War • US will support all non-communist • Leaders video • Iran hostage crisis vid

30. Nixon visits Moscow 1959 • The “Kitchen Debate”- a discussion between Nixon and Khrushchev regarding economic systems • Later Khrushchev will visit USA • Relations were agreeable on the surface

31. U2 Crisis 1960 • Good relations with Soviets- Eisenhower was to meet in Paris for important summit meeting • US was sending U2 Spy Planes over Soviet Union- • One is shot down- Francis Gary Powers is the pilot- captured and confesses to spying • Causes tension and breakdown of summit meeting with IKE

32. U2 Incident • U2 Spy planes • High speed, High Altitude • Surveillance/Photography • Used to gain info on Soviets • Plane is shot down • Pilot is captured put on trial • Francis Gary Powers • Cyanide pill not taken

34. Cuban Revolution 1958 • Fulgencio Batista- American Supported corrupt dictator of Cuba • Overthrown by Socialist- Fidel Castro and Ernesto Che Guevara- Allies with Soviets and wants to spread revolution in South America • Regime nationalizes businesses and alienates American government- • Cubans leave to Florida- support anti-Castro movement in US- become very powerful in Florida politics

36. Cuba Continued • Eisenhower administration was not comfortable with intervention in Cuba • CIA did prepare a counter revolution- Cuban exiles were trained – • In 1961- Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) CIA backed counter revolutionaries invade Cuba, ask for US support and are refused by Kennedy. (Kennedy didn’t want to use American power) • US continues economic blockade (lasting through today)

38. Southeast Asia • Vietnam-French Conflict-post WWII • American Support • Ho Chi Minh- Communist Nationalist- sends insurgents into South Vietnam to unite country- “Viet Cong” • 1954 Dien Bien Phu battle- French are defeated and country is split in Two North (Communist) South Pro-American leader Ngo Dinh Diem • Americans aid the South $ and military advisors

39. Eisenhower’s Legacy: LinkBeware of the “Military Industrial Complex” • He warned Americans watch out for the influence to the defense industries in American Government- • He saw this as a threat to peace • Felt control of government must remain civilian and independent from industries • M.I.C.= The defense industry, weapons manufacture and Military-

40. Election of 1960 • Senator John Fitzgerald Kennedy (Democrat) vs VP Richard Millhouse Nixon (Republican) • 1958 Democrats have large majority in Senate and House

41. JFK and the “New Frontier” • 43 year old, Irish!!!!, Catholic, Democrat • Senator since 1952 • Running mate Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ) (Senate Majority Leader from Texas) • “New Frontier” campaign program • “get the country moving again” • Close the missile gap • Expand the space exploration • Boost economic growth • Support Civil Rights

42. JFK Inaugural Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans -- born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world. Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and the success of liberty. “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.”

43. Kennedy Wins- very close election

46. Opportunism, youth, action, intelligence “Camelot”- Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Bay of Pigs Apollo Program- Man on the moon Alliance for Progress Peace Corps Green Berets Berlin Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis Civil Rights: Freedom Rides Birmingham protests University of Mississippi James Meredith University Alabama George Wallace MLK March on Washington “I have a dream speech” November 22, 1963 Dallas Texas Lee Harvey Oswald Kennedy ushers in a new era of change the 1960s

47. Kennedy “New Frontier” • -- "We stand today on the edge of a new frontier -- the frontier of the 1960s, a frontier of unknown opportunities and paths, a frontier of unfulfilled hopes and threats. The new frontier I speak is not a set of promises -- it is a set of challenges."

48. 1961 Kennedy's Inaugural Address • “We observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom -- symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning -- signifying renewal, as well as change . . . Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans -- born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage -- and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this Nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.”

49. Bobbie Kennedy (RFK) • Brother to JFK (Attorney General) • Put in charge of “Operation Mongoose” • Covert operation to disrupt- Cuban domestic politics • Accusations of assassination plots against Fidel Castro • Kennedy will later develop a kind of “Marshall Plan for Latin America” • Alliance for Progress =Loans for economic development- in an effort to prevent communist subversion

50. Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 • Video • Nikita Khrushchev- new leader of Soviet Union (Stalin died March 5, 1953) • Sent 3 dozen Nuclear war heads to Cuba • Idea seems to be that Khrushchev wanted to prevent an American invasion