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BTY100-Lec 2.3. Nanobiotechnology. Outline. Nanobiotechnology : Basic Concept Application: Nanomedicines. Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology: The art and science of manipulating and rearranging individual atoms and molecules to create useful materials, devices, and systems
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BTY100-Lec 2.3 Nanobiotechnology
Outline • Nanobiotechnology: Basic Concept • Application: Nanomedicines
Nanotechnology Nanotechnology: The art and science of manipulating and rearranging individual atoms and molecules to create useful materials, devices, and systems Nanotechnology, in simple terms, means the study and exploitation of tiny objects, whose dimensions are just a few molecules and atoms. In strict scientific terms, nanotechnology concerns physical dimensions ranging from 1-100 nm (1 nm = 10-9 m = 10 atoms wide) down to 1 nm. In present lecture we are focusing on the biological applications of the nanotechnology instead of physico-chemical properties of materials.
NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY • Nanobiotechnology: refers to the intersection of nanotechnology and biology. • Concepts that are enhanced through nanobiology include: nanodevices, nanoparticles. • This technical approach to biology allows scientists to create systems that can be used for biological research
Nanomedicines: Targeted Drug Delivery • Is a method of delivering medication to a patient in a manner that increases the concentration of the medication in some parts of the body relative to others • Goal : • to prolong, • localize, • target and • have a protected drug interaction with the diseased tissue.
Traditional V/s Targeted Drug Delivery • In traditional drug delivery systems such as oral ingestion or intravascular injection, the medication is distributed throughout the body through the systemic blood circulation. • For most therapeutic agents, only a small portion of the medication reaches the organ to be affected. • Targeted drug delivery seeks to concentrate the medication in the tissues of interest while reducing the relative concentration of the medication in the remaining tissues. • Targeted delivery is believed to improve efficacy while reducing side-effects.
Delivery Vehicles • Function: To carry the drug to the specific tissue and facilitate its release. • This is where nanotechnology comes into play: designing of carrier vehicles that can be carry the drug and be easily introduced in the body. • One such vehicle uses Carbon Nanotubes as drug carriers for the drug delivery. • Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure providing a very large surface area.
CNT’s for drug delivery • CNT is used effectively as a vehicle to deliver drugs to the targeted sick cell (such as a cancer cell) with unprecedented accuracy and efficiency. • Basic Mechanism:
CNT’s: Cancer Therapy • Rapidly dividing cancer cells have an unusually high number of receptors for folate and IgG. • Nanostructures coated in folate can pass with relative ease into cancerous cells. • Antibodies promise even greater selectivity; for example, a nanostructure can be coated with antibodies that bind to proteins found only on the surface of cancerous cells.
Once the nanotubes are stuck to the cancerous targets, they are poised to kill in one of two ways: • Their hollow interiors can carry anticancer drugs, or • They can be activated with infrared: Bathed in infrared light, which passes easily through body tissue, the carbon nanotubes heat up dramatically and destroy the attached cancerous cells.
Advantages of CNT’s • Carbon nanotubes: have high drug loading capacities and good cell penetration qualities. • These nanotubes function with a larger inner volume to be used as the drug container, large aspect ratios for numerous functionalization attachments.
