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Vaccines

Vaccines. Tetanus Haemophilus MMR Nikki Hoheise l Morgan Rehm Michelle Savage Amy Lindgren. Mode of Transmission. Tetanus is caused by a toxin produced by a bacterium, Clostridium tetani .

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Vaccines

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  1. Vaccines • Tetanus • Haemophilus • MMR Nikki Hoheisel Morgan Rehm Michelle Savage Amy Lindgren

  2. Mode of Transmission • Tetanus is caused by a toxin produced by a bacterium, Clostridium tetani. • They produce spores that are very difficult to kill as they are resistant to heat and many chemical agents. • Enters through a break in the skin • The toxin causes painful muscle spasms • Attacks the jaw muscles first “lock jaw” • Without the vaccine, 3 in 10 would die

  3. Vaccine • Several vaccines are used to prevent tetanus among children, adolescents, and adults including DTaP, Tdap, DT, and Td. • Can be used in three ways: • As a catch-up for people who did not get all their doses of DTaP when they were children • As a booster, dose every 10 years • For protection against tetanus infection after a wound

  4. When to Vaccinate • There are four combination vaccines used to prevent diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis: DTaP, Tdap, DT, and Td. • DTaP and DT are given to children younger than 7 years of age • Tdap and Td are given to older children and adults • Children should get 5 doses of DTaP, one dose at each of the following ages: 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 months and 4-6 years.

  5. Why do we vaccinate? • Tetanus has a high fatality rate. In recent years, tetanus has been fatal in about 11% of reported cases and as high as 18% in persons age 60 years and older, and 22% in unvaccinated persons. • There is no "cure" for tetanus (management) • The best "treatment" is prevention through immunization. • Almost all cases of tetanus are in persons who have never been vaccinated, or who completed their childhood series, but did not have a booster dose in the preceding 10 years.

  6. Haemophilus Influenzae Type b Back ground: • Also referred to as Hib • Systemic bacterial disease of young children worldwide • Germs spread from person to person • Effects children under age 5 • Peak time to get it is between 6-11 months of age • 35% of survivors developed neurologic diseases • 20,000 cases annually, 12,000 meningitis w/5% mortality (death rate 1 in 20)

  7. Vaccine Information • Is done as a combination • Interchangeable w/ other Hib vaccines • Number of vaccines needed (4 if use other brands than PedvaxHIB) • May be given at the same time as other vaccines • Given between 2 months and 6 years • Do not give before 6 weeks as this will lead to a reduced anti-PRP response • Not recommended for over 6 years of age, as these children are generally not at risk for the disease

  8. Diseases that Hib Causes • Pneumonia • Severe swelling in the throat, making it hard to breathe • Infections of the blood, joints, bones, and covering of the heart • Death

  9. Risks for the Hib Vaccine • Can cause allergic reactions • The risk of Hib vaccine causing serious harm or death is extremely small • Most do not have any problems with it. Mild Problems: • Redness, warmth, or swelling where the shot was given (up to ¼ of children) • Fever over 101 degrees Fahrenheit (Up to 1 out of 20 children)

  10. Reactions to Hib Vaccine Moderate or severe Reactions: • What to look for • High fever • Behavior changes • Allergic reaction • Difficulty Breathing, Hoarseness or Wheezing, Hives, Paleness, Weakness, Fast Heart Beat, Dizziness within a few minutes to a few hours after the shot. • What to do • Call a doctor, or get the person to a doctor right away • Tell your doctor what happened, the date and time it happened, and when the vaccination was given • Ask your doctor, nurse, or health department to report the reaction by filing a Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System Form

  11. Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccine (MMR) • Measles • Virus causes rash, cough, runny nose, eye irritation, and fever • It can lead to ear infection, pneumonia, seizures, brain damage and death • Mumps • Virus causes fever, headache, and swollen glands • 30-40% Parotitis (swollen Parotid gland) • It can lead to deafness, meningitis, painful swelling of the testicles or ovaries and rarely; death • Rubella • Virus causes rash, mild fever, and arthritis (mostly in women) • If a woman gets rubella while she is pregnant, she could have a miscarriage or her baby could be born with serious birth defects

  12. Rubella Mumps Measles Rash Swollen Parotid gland

  13. Mode of Transmission • Measles • Large respiratory droplets • Mumps • Airborne transmission • Direct contact with infected droplet nuclei or saliva • Rubella • Airborne transmission or droplets

  14. Who should get vaccinated • Children should get 2 doses of the MMR vaccine • The first at 12-15 months of age • The second at 4-6 years of age • Generally anyone 18 years or older who were born after 1956 should get at least one dose of the MMR vaccine

  15. Who should NOT get vaccinated • People who have ever had a life threatening allergic reaction to gelatin, the antibiotic neomycin or to a previous dose of MMR vaccine • People who are moderately or severely ill at the time of the shot • Pregnant woman should wait to get MMR vaccine • Check with your doctor if you: • HIV/AIDS or other diseases that affect the immune system • Is being treated with drugs that affect the immune system for 2 weeks or longer • Has cancer of any kind • Is taking cancer treatment with x-ray or drugs • Has ever had a low platelet count

  16. Risks from MMR vaccine • Most people do not have any problems with it • Mild problems • Fever, mild rash swelling of glands in the cheeks or neck (rare) • Usually occurs within 7-12 days after the shot • Moderate problems • Seizure caused by fever • Temporary pain and stiffness in the joints • Temporary low platelet count which can cause a bleeding disorder • Severe problems • Serious allergic reaction • Deafness, long term seizures, coma, permanent brain damage. • These happen so rarely, experts can not be sure if they are actually caused by the vaccine.

  17. How to learn more • Ask your doctor or nurse. They can give you the vaccine package insert or suggest other sources of information • Call your local or state health department’s immunization program • Contact the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) • Call 1-800-232-4636 • Visit the National Immunization Program’s website at www.cdc.gov/vaccines

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