CENTER OVERVIEW

1. Center Director Robert R. Alfano CUNY Distinguished Professor of Science and Engineering CENTER OVERVIEW Fred Moshary Professor of EE and Project Lead in Remote Sensing Monday, Dec. 5, 2005 NASA URCs Directors’ Meeting

2. Center’s Mission • Establish Strong: • Research programs in Photonic areas • Training programs for U.S. students in State of • the Art Technologies • Interactions with scientist at NASA • Collaborations with industry by leveraging • NYS Centers for Advance Technology (CAT) • participation to transfer technology

3. COSI Components Interaction IUSL CAT NASA-COSI RESEARCH EDUCATION NASA & INDUSTRIAL COLLABORATION

4. RESEARCH PROJECTS OVERVIEW • Novel Light Sources • Diode-pumped Cr4+ based tunable fiber laser • Compact high-power tunable Cr4+-based lasers • Optical Physics of Cr4+ doped and crystals and structures • Optical Imaging and Signal Transmission Through Highly Scattering Atmospheric Conditions • Experimental method, enabling technologies, pulse propagation and imaging through turbid media • Theoretical study of light multiple scattering effects in atmosphere • Ice detection and adhesion • Quantum Well and Quantum Dot Photodetectors • Land Surface Monitoring and Imaging • Optical Sensing of the Atmosphere • Lidar sensing • Aerosol profiling • Cloud microstructure; • Raman and DIAL Lidar development • Passive sensing: radiometry and polarimetry • Optical Sensing Techniques for Estuarine and Coastal Water • Optical Sensing of Microorganism in the Environment HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT Strategy for Increasing the Number of Degrees Awarded to Historically Underrepresented US Citizens

5. Current COSI interactions with NASA Centers • Glenn Research Center (GRC) • Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) • Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) • Kennedy Space Center (JKF) • Jet Propulsion Laboratories (JPL) • Langley Research Center (LRC) • Stennis Space Center (SSC)

6. Name Affiliation E-mail Telephone Mr. Greg Olsen Sensors Unlimited ghosensors@aol.com 609 520-0610 Dr. Francesco Pellegrino Lockheed Martin Francesco.pellegrino@lmco.com 516 228 2025 Mr. Alan Doctor NYS CAT Doctor@ee.ccny.cuny.edu 212-650-8265 Dr. Ronald Pirich, Northrop Grumman ron_pirich@northropgrumman.com 516 575-0612 Dr. Warren Ruderman Consultant warrud@optonline.net 201 768-0403 NASA Center for Optical Sensing and Imaging Advisory Board Members

7. Education and Training Goals • Increase the number of Science and Engineering degrees awarded to US students, with a focus on underrepresented groups in Science and Engineering. • Integrate research and education through hands-on training of graduate and undergraduate students. • Strategy includes: Aggressive recruitment of Science and Engineering Students through: • 1) Student supervision and mentoring, • 2) H.S. outreach program Prof. Charles Watkins The Human Resources Development Coordinator Emeritus Dean of the CCNY School of Engineering

8. Department of Defense C N P Center for Nanoscale Photonics City College of New York NASA COSI and DOD CNPES Outreach Programs Middle School & High School Education Outreach Program - Summer 2005

10. Novel Light Sources Diode-pumped Cr4+ based tunable fiber laser Fiber with doped dielectric core Figure 1. Cr4+-Doped Optical Fiber Amplifier A. 1 Operational Capability: Compact broadly tunable laser system will be built using optimal fibers and diode lasers as a pump source. The input end of the fiber will be dielectric coated for maximum transmission of the pump beam and high reflection of the fiber emission. The pump laser beam will be launched into the fiber using microscopic objective with appropriate magnification and numerical aperture. Selection of operating wavelength and tuning of the wavelength will be accomplished using fiber Bragg gratings. Cr4+-Doped Optical Fiber Amplifier Collaborators: NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) • Proposed Technical Approach • Optical fibers of Cr4+-doped YAG and Forsterite of different diameters (20-200 mm) will be grown. • Spectroscopic properties of Cr4+-doped fibers will be measured to evaluate opportunity for single mode optical amplification. • Demonstration of laser action and tunability of Cr4+ doped fiber laser and measurements of laser parameters. • Development of compact fiber laser system. • Outcome • Development of broadly tunable (1100-1600 nm) optical fiber laser based on Cr4+-doped single crystal fibers for optical sensing and optical communication applications. • Team members and Agency collaborators Contact Information • Dr. S. K. Gayen, CCNY, (212) 650-5531, gayen @sci.ccny.cuny.edu • Dr. V. Petricevic, CCNY, (212) 650-5550, vpetricevic@ccny.cuny.edu • Dr. R. Alfano, (212) 650-5531, ralfano@ccny.cuny.edu • Dr. A. Sayir, NASA, r@larc,nasa.gov

11. Beam splitter Laser B S Photodiode Trig. Ref. Polarizer Object Streak Camera/ UGICS BS Collection optics Fig. Experimental arrangement for back-propagation geometry. Streak camera for pulse propagation measurement, UGICS for imaging. Optical Imaging and Signal Transmission Through Highly Scattering Atmospheric conditions Experimental Method, Enabling Technologies, Pulse Propagation and Imaging through turbid media B. 1 Operational Capability: The systems and techniques would sort out information and image bearing ballistic and snake light using time slicing and polarization gating approaches to provide images of targets, and retrieve coded information effectively through highly-scattering turbid media, such as cloud and fog cover. Collaborators: NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) • Proposed Technical Approach • Experimental arrangements with ultrafast lasers and time gated and polarization sensitive detection schemes will be used to sort out ballistic and snake photons for imaging targets and transmitting and retrieving coded signal through cloud and fog. • Pulse propagation and imaging measurements using transmission and backscattering geometries will be carried out. • Optical imaging and image reconstruction methods will be adapted to develop methods for atmospheric sensing, such as, monitoring of cloud distribution. • Scaling of laboratory results to situation in the field will be investigated to specify system parameters. • Pulse propagation experiments have been initiated. • Outcome • Ability to obtain high quality images of targets through atmospheric obscurants • Development of free-space optical communication system • Enhancement of basic understanding of pulse propagation through scattering media • Team members and Agency collaborators Contact Information: • Dr. S. K. Gayen, CCNY, (212) 650-5531,gayen @sci.ccny.cuny.edu • Dr. Wei Cai, CCNY, (212) 650-6865, caiwei@sci.ccny.cuny.edu • Dr. R. Alfano, (212) 650-5531, ralfano@sci.ccny.cuny.edu • Dr. David M. Winker, NASA LARC, (757) 864-6747, • d.m.winker@larc,nasa.gov

12. Optical Imaging and Signal Transmission Through Highly Scattering Atmospheric conditions Theoretical Study of Light Multiple Scattering Effect in Atmosphere B. 2 Codes and Algorithms Operational Capability: The algorithms and codes developed are related to research underway at NASA Langley Research Center to develop techniques for retrieving cloud properties from spaceborne lidar. Currently, NASA is embarking on a mission (CALIPSO, formerly called PICASS-CENA) to determine the vertical distribution of aerosols and cloud using a satellite Lidar devoted to sensing the atmosphere. Collaborators: NASA Langley Research Center, (LaRC) • Codes for calculation of light distribution through cloud and other atmospheric obscurants. The codes are tested using experimental data obtained from our laboratory scaled cloud model; • Inverse image reconstruction algorithms and programs for retrieving the vertical distribution of optical parameters of cloud, from data received by optical instruments located in the aircrafts, satellites, or ground stations. • Proposed Technical Approach: • Codes for the light propagation are built using our analytical cumulant solution and Monte Carlo simulation. • Retrieval of cloud vertical distribution from the measured time resolved profile will be tested • The new developed and improved approach to obtain an analytical solution of the radiative transfer equation based on a cumulant expansion, for multiple photon scattering will be tested. • Codes for calculation of light intensity backscattered from ice and water cloud will be developed • Forward model and inverse algorithm to withdraw information from multiple layers of clouds will be developed • Outcome: • Codes for calculation of light distribution through cloud and other atmospheric obscurants • Inverse image reconstruction algorithms and programs for retrieving the vertical distribution of optical parameters of cloud • Team members and Agency collaborators Contact Information: • Dr. W. Cai, (212) 650-6865, caiwei@sci.ccny.cuny.edu • Dr. M. Xu, (212) 650-6865, minxu@sci.ccny.cuny.edu • Dr. David M. Winker NASA, (757)864-6747, d.m.winker@larc.nasa.gov

13. B. 3 Optical Imaging and Signal Transmission Through Highly Scattering Atmospheric conditions Ice detection and adhesion on surfaces Operational Capability: For ice adhesion, Raman and IR absorption measurements will be used to study the bonding of ice-metal, ice-paint-metal, and ice-polymer (or other protection layers)-paint-metal, and select the better materials for use as an ice protection layer coated on airplane parts and other painted surfaces. For ice detection, NIR spectral polarization imaging will enable to measure polarization degree of light backscattered from the airplane parts. The measured R map (R = Ipara / Iperp) can be used to indicate the distribution of ice thickness on wings and other parts of an airplane. Hydrogen bonding on the surface of beryllium fluoride glass, and structure of Be-OH…F-…H-OH2+(H2O)2(H2O)n for the case of n=6. • Proposed Technical Approach • Set up and perform Raman and IR-absorption measurements for candidate protection layer materials such as polymers or other materials; • Select optimum protection layer materials having weak bonding with ice; • Coat protection layers on paint-metal surfaces and airplane parts, and testing ice adhesion; • Spectral polarization imaging measurements on ice-metal, ice-paint-metal, and ice-protection layer-paint-metal surfaces; • Build a portable spectral polarization imaging unit, and perform field test for ice detection on airplanes. • Outcome • The ice bonding research will help develop protection coatings for airplanes. These coating materials have weak bonding with ice to reduce and limit the formation and sticking of ice on airplanes. • The ice detection program will improve travel safety in harsh weather conditions by determining whether the present of ice on surfaces of airplanes and vehicles. • Team members and Agency collaborators Contact Information: • Dr. W. Wang, CCNY, (212) 650-5531, wwang@sci.ccny.cuny.edu • Dr. M. Sharanov, CCNY, (212) 650-6930, msharanov@ccny.cuny.edu • Dr. R. Alfano, (212) 650-5531, ralfano@sci.ccny.cuny.edu

14. Quantum Well and Quantum Dot Photodetectors High-efficiency Resonant Tunneling Multiple-quantum-well Photodetectors C. Operational Capability: The quantum well photodetectors work under resonant tunneling condition. Their quantum efficiency and response speed will be significantly enhanced due to strong photon absorption, less carrier recombination, and high transportation speed. Collaborators: NASA Langley Research Center GaN/AlGaN Quantum Well UV Photodetector Developed by CCNY • Proposed Technical Approach • Design, fabricate and characterize photodetectors based on III-Nitride, III-As and II-VI materials grown by MBE. • P-I-N structure will be used to set up sequential resonant tunneling in the multiple quantum wells which is expected to greatly increase quantum efficiency and response speed. • Various Electrical and optical techniques are used to test material quality and device performance. • GaN/AlGaN quantum well photodetectors have been fabricated and their spectral photo-response and response speed were measured. • Outcome • High-efficiency and high-speed photodetectors have numerous military and commercial applications such as missile plume detection, combustion sensing and control for aircraft engines, space-to-earth, space-to-space and underwater communication, optical storage, air quality monitoring, and personal UV exposure dosimetry, etc. • Team members and Agency collaborators Contact Information: • Dr. W. Wang, CCNY, (212) 650-5531, wwang@sci.ccny.cuny.edu • Dr. S. K. Zhang, CCNY, (212) 650-6930, skzhang@sci.ccny.cuny.edu • Dr. B. Das, CCNY, (212) 650-5531 • Dr. M. Tamargo, CCNY, (212) 650-6146 • Dr. R. Alfano, (212) 650-5531, ralfano@sci.ccny.cuny.edu

15. E. Optical Sensing of the Atmosphere Operational Capability: Development of Multi-channel Raman Lidar System and algorithms to profile ozone, water vapor and aerosol extinction and backscatter under both low and high aerosol loading. Estimate range dependant microphysical properties including aerosol mode parameters and refractive index Development of robust atmospheric correction capability for ground remote sensing through aerosols and thin clouds using hyperspectral polarimetric data. Collaborators : NASA - GISS a) False color reflectance image and b) false color polarized reflectance image of a relatively smoke free area c) False color reflectance image and d) false color polarized reflectance image of the center of the smoke • Outcome: • Range dependant aerosol size parameters will allow profiling in inhomogeneous atmospheres and will be used to test a number of multiwavelenngth lidar proecessing • Robust Ozone,Water Vapor and Aerosol Parameter Retrieval and validation of satellite measurements and column products. • Improved Ground Surface Properties including Polarized BRDF signatures for improved energy budget. • Team members and Agency collaborators Contact Information: • S. Ahmed (212) 650-7250, ahmed@ccny.cuny.edu • F. Moshary (212) 650-7251, moshary@ccny.cuny.edu • B. Gross (212) 650-5325, gross@ccny.cuny.edu • B. Cairns (212) 678-5625, bcairns@giss.nasa.gov • Proposed Technical Approach: • Preliminary measurement of water vapor profiles using Raman N2 – H20 lines and aerosol S ratios at 532nm • Set up and analyze both Raman and DIAL-Raman techniques and how they handle different aerosol loadings. • Sensitivity analysis of unpolarized and polarized atmospheric correction techniques on ground surface albedo and BRDF 13

16. F.Optical Sensing Techniques for Estuarine and Coastal Water Algorithm Development and Validation for Remote Sensing of Marine Pigments Operational Capability: The algorithm – validation project will provide new or enhanced operational capability to NASA remote sensing satellites such as MODIS for measurement of marine pigments in complex coastal waters Final product will correlate heterogeneity in pigment distribution related to various remote sensed environmental factors. Collaborators : NASA - GISS RGB Color Map Of Chlorophyll Concentrations with experimental Algorithms • Proposed Technical Approach: • Sensing and analytical techniques to identify and quantify photosynthetic pigments with passive and optical techniques. • Laboratory studies of reflectance and fluorescence spectra to identify the fluorescence contribution to the overall water leaving radiance. • Field tests to measure upwelling radiance and correlate with components in the water column. • Apply semi-quantitative algorithms for largescale mapping of marine pigments. • Outcome: • Mapping of coastal and estuarine regions with fragile environments. • Identification of areas where degradation is anticipated due to anthropogenic impacts. • Team members and Agency collaborators Contact Information: • Dr. S. Ahmed CCNY 212 650-7250, ahmed@ccny.cuny.edu • Dr. K.-H.Szekielda CCNY, 212 650-5876, SZEKIELDA@aol.com • Dr. Brian Cairns NASA-GISS 212 678-5625, bcairns@giss.nasa.gov

17. G. Optical Sensing of Microorganism in the Environment Experimental Study of Bacteria-Colloidal Particle Interactions & Leaf Surface Chemistryusing Native fluorescence and Bio-Active Adsorbed Molecules Scanning Electron Microscope Image Showing Bacteria Embedded in Natural Bioslime – Illustrates Complexity of Natural Colloidal Systems Operational Capability: Bacteria: Rheology information reflects the interaction mechanisms that develop between bacteria and colloidal systems – key to understanding aerosol transport. Bacteria: Growth curves may impinge on the growth and/or endospore formation – important in understanding susceptibility and mechanisms of transport. Leaf Chemistry: Contributes to the projected interpretation of vegetation indices in high resolution satellite images. Leaf Chemistry: Influence of possible heavy metal contamination on the reflectance properties of vegetation. • Proposed Technical Approach: • Develop spectroscopic methods to monitor and detect bacterial cells, spores and viruses. • Bacteria: Characterize clay-bacteria rheologies of aqueous solutions using light scattering and native fluorescence properties. • Bacteria: Influence of natural colloidal materials, such as clays, on bacteria growth curves measured in a Klett-Sumerson Spectrometer. • Leaf Chemistry: Measure joint absorption and fluorescence of leaves using an Ocean Optics spectrometer. • Leaf Chemistry: Measure surface Chemistry response of local leaf surfaces to urban aerosols using x-ray fluorescence. • Outcome: • Improved understanding of the transport of biological agents in the natural environment, and important steps in both identification and methods of remote sensing of bio-agents. • Team members and Agency collaborators Contact Information: • Dr. Jeff Steiner, EAS Dept., CCNY, 212-650-6498 • Dr. Al Katz, Physics Dept., CCNY, 212-650-5591 • Dr. Paul Gottlieb, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, (212), 650-7709, pgottl@med.cuny.edu